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Summary everyday science, a handbook to success
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the book is concise and self compiled for quick revisions before exams, although it provides brief and rich info about many natural science subjects
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PMS/CSSEveryday Science
Compiled by:
Engr. Syed Muhammad Umer
www.thecsspoint.com
support@thecsspoint.com
It’s just an effort to merge all relevant data of Everyday Science in a single document, which will be
used in the preparation of Competitive Examinations like PMS/CSS and other such exams. The
primarily source of these information is mainly from internet.
, PMS/CSS
Notes
Contents
Topic Page No. Topic Page No.
1. Nature of Science 3 29. Camera 31
2. Contribution of Muslims Scientists 3 30. Lasers 31
3. Impact of Science on Society 4 31. Microscopes 34
4. Universe 5 32. Computers 36
5. Galaxy 5 33. Satellites 42
6. Solar system 7 34. Antibiotics 42
7. Sun 7 35. Vaccines 45
8. Earth 7 36. Fertilizers 46
9. Atmosphere 8 37. Pesticides 47
10. Weather 9 38. Microwave ovens 47
11. Cloud 12 39. Immunization 48
12. Rain 13 40. Fingerprinting 49
13. Acid Rain 14 41. Infra Red Radiation 50
14. Minerals 17 42. Greenhouse Effect 50
15. Rock (Mineral) 17 43. Antimatter 53
16. Mineral Deposit 19 44. Magma 54
17. Lava 20 45. Brain 55
18. Solar and Lunar Eclipses 22 46. Heart 60
19. Day and Night and their variation 23 47. Tissues 68
20. Energy 23 48. Epithelial Cell 68
21. Sources and Resources of Energy 23 49. Origin of Modern Humans 68
22. Energy conservation 24 50. Pest Control 72
23. Ceramics 24 51. Protein 73
24. Plastics 24 52. Vertebrate 74
25. Semiconductors 25 53. Invertebrate 76
26. Radio 25 54. Liver 79
27. Television 30 55. Enzymes 80
28. Telephones 30 56. Organisms (Common to all living things) 82
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,1. NATURE OF SCIENCE
Definition:
Science can be defined as study
"mainly concerned with the phenomenon of physical universe any or all of natural sciences or biological sciences."
Or
Science as the "the field of study which attempts to describe and understand the nature of the universe in whole or part."
Science is the faculty to reason out the how and why of the things as they occur in the phenomenal world or the objective
world...Basically science is the study of laws of nature and man has developed science by observing.Infact this subject has
completely transformed our power over nature and the world outlook. Development of the modern technology is directly the
outcome of the development of modern science. Without the scientific revolution the industrial revolution would not have been
possible.
It has raised the human activity level by significant observations in the various fields of human existence. Whether it‘s the
exploration of human health, industrial progress, agrarian developments and modern communication technologies, the benefits gained
from this major subject are enormous.Infact it would not be wrong to say that we are living in the age of science and is a dominant
factor in our day to day existence.
2. CONTRIBUTIONS OF MUSLIM SCIENTISTS
MUHAMMAD BIN MUSA AL KHWARZIMI:
Made lasting contributions in the fields of Mathematics, Astronomy, Music, Geography and History. He composed the oldest works on
Arithmetic and on Algebra. The oldest Mathematic book composed by him is "Kitab ul jama wat tafriq"
He is the first person who used zero and wrote"Hisab ul jabr Wal Muqabla" which is conceived to be an outstanding work on the subject
which included analytical solutions of linear and quadratic equations.
In the field of Astronomy he compiled his own tables which formed the basis of later astronomical pursuits in both East and West. He
also contributed in the field of geographical science by writing a noteworthy book KItab ul Surat al ard. In Arabic.
His book ―kitab al Tarik" is also a memorable work regarding history.
AL BERUNI:
Born in Afghanistan Beruni made original important contributions to science. He is conceived to be the most prominent scientists of the
Islamic world who wrote around 150 books on various significant subjects concerning human existence. These subjects include
Mathematics, History, Archeology, Biology, Geology, Che m is try, Religion etc.
He discussed the behavior of earth, moon, and planets in his book "Qanoon Almasudi" which is also considered as an outstanding
astronomical encyclopedia. He also discovered seven different ways of finding the directions of north and south and discovered
mathematical techniques to determine exactly the beginning of the seasons.
Another notable discovery he made was that the speed of light is faster than sound .His wide range of scientific knowledge is also
revealed through his books" kitab al saidana" and "kitab al jawahar" dealing with medicine and the types of gems their gravity
respectively.
He was a prolific writer whose works showed his versatility as a scientist.
AL RAZI:
The famous philosopher and a notable surgeon of the Muslim world, Zakriya Al Razi was born in Ray near modern Theran Iran. His
eagerness for knowledge lead him to the study of Alchemy and Chemistry, philosophy, logic, Mathematics and Physics. He was a
pioneer in many areas of medicine and treatment of health sciences in general, and in particular he worked alot in the fields of
paeditrics, obsterics and ophthalmology.
Al razi was the first person to introduce the use of Alcohol for medical purposes and opium for the objective of giving anesthesia to his
patients.
In the field of ophthalmology too Al razi gave an account of the operation for the extraction of the cataract and also the first
scientist to discover the effect of the intensity of light on the eye. The modern studies confirm his understanding on the subject thus
making him a great physician of all the times.
ABU ALI IBN E SINA:
Endowed with great powers of absorbing and retaining knowledge this Muslim scholar also made valuable contributions to the field
of science. He is considered to be the founders of Medicine and also added his great efforts to the fields of Mathematics, Astronomy,
Medicinial Chemistry, Philosophy, Palae ontology and Music.
His most famous book is "Al Qannun" which brings out the features of human physiology and medicine.
Sina is also considered as a father of the science of Geology on account of his invaluable book on mountains in which he
discussed matters relating to earth's crust and gave scientific reasons for earthquakes. He is the author of 238 books which are fine
instances of his thoughts regarding various subjects in diverse ways.
JABIR BIN HAYAN:
Introduced experimental research in chemical science which immensely added its rapid development and made him the Father of
Chemistry. He devised methods for preparation of important chemicals like hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, and white lead.
3
, Jabir's work also deal with the refinement of metals ,preparation of steel, dyeing of cloth and leather, use of magnese dioxide in glass
making, distillation of vinegar to concentrate acetic acid.
Jabir also explained scientifically two principle functions of chemistry, i.e., calcination, and reduction and registered a marked
improvement in the methods of evaporation, sublimation, distillation and crystallization
He wrote more than 100 books which are one of the most outstanding contributions in the field of science especially the chemical
science.
ABDUL HASSAN IBN AL HAITHAM:
One of the most outstanding Mathematicians, Physiologists, and Opticians of Islam. He contributed to the realms of medicine and
philosophy. He wrote more than 200 scientific works on diverse subjects.
Haitham examined the refraction of light rays through transparent objects including air and water.
Infact he was the first scientist to elaborate two laws of reflection of light
He made a number of monumental discoveries in the field of optics ,including one which locates retina as the seat of vision. His book
on optics "Kitab Al Manazir" vividly shows his grip on the subject.
He constructed a pinhole camera and studied formation of images .Due to his noteworthy contributions he is regarded as one of the
prolific Muslim scientists of all times.
OMAR AL KHAYAM:
He was an outstanding Mathematician and Astronomer. He was also known as a poet, philosopher and a physician. He travelled to the
great centers of learning of the era i.e. Samrakund, Bukhara, and Ispahan.He classified many algebraic equations based on their
complexity and recognized thirteen different forms of cubic equation. He also classified algebraic theories of parallel lines. On the
invitation of Sultan Jalal-ud- Din, he introduced the Jilali calendar which has an error of one day in 3770 years. He also developed
accurate methods for determination of gravity
as a poet too, he is known for his Rubaiyat.He made great contributions in the development of mathematics and analytical
geometry which benefitted Europe several years later.
NASIR UD DIN TUSI:
Al tusi was one of the greatest scientists, Mathematicians, Astronomers, Philosophers, Theologians and physicians of his time. He was a
prolific writer and wrote many treatises on varied subjects like Algebra, Arithmetic, Trignometry, Geometery, Logic, Met aphy sics,
medicine, ethics and Theology.
He served as a minister of Halaku Khan and persuaded him to establish an observatory and library after the destruction of
Baghdad. He worked at the observatory and prepared precise tables regarding the motion of the planets. These are also known as
"Tables of Khan"
ZIA UD DIN IBN BAITAR:
Was a famous botanist and pharmacopeias of middle ages. Because of his intensive travels, he was able to discover many plant
species. He wrote many books regarding his field of specialty and is always considered as a prominent scientist among his Muslim
counterparts
3. IMPACT OF SCIENCE ON SOCIETY
Science is the organization of knowledge in such a way that it commands the hidden potential in nature. This hidden potential is
surfaced out by the subject of science through the process of understanding. Science has proved to be of enormous beneficial
nature .It has made lasting impact on regarding each and every field of human existence. Whether it is concerned with our day to
day lives or whether it is related with the various modern developments which have resulted in elevating the living standards of
the individuals.
The significant contributions which the study of this subject has made are enumerated below.
SCIENCE AND HUMAN ATTITUDE:
The various noteworthy scientific advances have helped the individuals in raising up of their self confidence .This subject has enabled
the human beings to control and modify their needs and requriements.With greater understanding of the scientific phenomena
human beings have now become more confident about the environmental issues as compared to the people in the past.Infact
science has promoted and paved the way for the independent and logical thinking.
SCIENCE AND HUMAN HEALTH:
Before the development of modern medicinal factors, a large number of people used to lose their precious lives because of the
unavailability of the sources and medicines for a proper health care. With the advancements of science now the human life
expectancy rate has increased as the various modern developments in the field of health care has helped in warding off the
dangerous diseases...
The revolutions in surgery and medicine the infectious diseases like small pox, malaria, typhoid etc. have been eradicated. Thus
science has improved the health standards of the people.
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