Class notes
Appendicular Skeleton
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An in-depth description of all the bones of the appendicular skeleton and their joints (classification and movements)
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Appendicular SkeletonMonday, 20 September 2021 4:54 PM
Axial skeleton
- Skull
- Vertebral column
- ribs
Appendicular skeleton
- Bones of upper/lower limbs and the limb girdles – pectoral / pelvic girdle
Joints of appendicular skeleton
- Mostly synovial joints
o Two bones that meet with one another
o Ends covered with layer of articular cartilage
§ Covers the joint surfaces to absorb shock and reduce friction
o Fibrous capsule
§ Unites / holds two bones together
§ Made of fibrous tissue
o Synovial membrane
§ Thin layer of tissue that secretes synovial fluid
• Lubricates joint
§ Synovial cavity
• Holds synovial fluid
□ Lubricates the joint
o Stabilizing factors
§ Shape of articulation surfaces
§ Ligaments and capsule strength
§ Muscle tone
• Muscles cross over near by joint and because of contraction they
stabiles joints
• That why when joint injury you train muscles associated with joint to
prevent further injuries
Upper limb bones
- Pectoral girdle
o Clavicle
§ Long bone
§ S-shaped bone – medial end is convex anteriorly while lateral third is concaved
anteriorly
§ Palpable along entire length
§ Function – holds upper limb away from the body
§ Superior surface is more smooth, just underneath the skin
§ Interior surface is more rough because its attached to muscle
, §S-shaped bone – medial end is convex anteriorly while lateral third is concaved
anteriorly
§ Palpable along entire length
§ Function – holds upper limb away from the body
§ Superior surface is more smooth, just underneath the skin
§ Interior surface is more rough because its attached to muscle
§ Medial end – sternal facet
• Convexed / more rounded
• Articulates with the clavicular notch of the manubrium of sternum
□ Sternoclavicular joint
□ Provides attachment site for the interclavicular ligament
• More rounded
§ Lateral end – acromial facet
• Flattened / oval
• Articulates with the acromion of the scapula
□ Acromioclavicular joint
o Scapula
§ Triangular plate overlying the ribs on posterior side of body
§ Superior angle
§ Inferior angle
§ Glenoid fossa
• Concaved anterolaterally
• Articulates with the head of the humerus
□ Forming the glenohumeral joint
• Socket of shoulder joint
• Margins covered with a fibrocartilaginous tissue = glenoid labrum
□ Deepens the concavity of the glenoid fossa
® Improves stability of the glenohumeral joint
§ Spine of scapula
• Projects from the superior area of the dorsal surface of the scapula
• Continuously lateral with the acromion
• Provides the origin site for the deltoid and insertion site for the
trapezius
• Separates dorsal side of scapula into
□ Supraspinous fossa
□ Infraspinous fossa
§ Acromion
§ Function – provide surfaces for attachment of muscles that move pectoral
girdle
- Humerus
o Long bone
o Proximal end
§ head of humerus
• Orientated in superomedial direction and slightly posterior
• half a sphere
• Continuous with the anatomical neck of the humerus
• covered with articular cartilage
§ Part that forms a joint with the glenoid fossa
o anatomical neck
§ Connects head and body of humerus
§ Formed by shallow groove encircling the head
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