In-depth description of the anterior and posterior views of the heart including septa and grooves visible, details the heart valves and their unique mechanisms (difference in mechanisms between atrioventricular and semilunar valves), cardiac muscle and the hearts conduction system, coronary circula...
- Anterior view
o Left atrium not visible due to tilting of heart
o Apex of the heart belongs only to left ventricle
§ Right ventricle doesn’t contribute
• Finding the apex = finding left ventricle
o Chambers
§ Right atrium
§ Right ventricle
• Pulmonary circulation
§ Left atrium
§ Left ventricle
• Systemic circulation
o Septa
§ Internal partitions that dive the heart
§ Physical extension of the myocardium lined with endocardium
§ Interventricular septum
• In between ventricles
§ Interatrial septum
• In between atria
• Has an oval shaped depression
o Fossa ovalis
® From fetus where blood passes directly from
right to left atrium
• Covered by aorta and pulmonary trunk in anterior view
o Grooves
§ Fat filled / accommodate coronary vessels
§ Coronary sulcus
• Between the atria and the ventricles
• Goes all around the base of the heart
o Found on Posterior and anterior side
• Runs transversely around the heart
§ Anterior interventricular sulcus
• In between both ventricles on the anterior side of the heart
• Runs vertically
o Venae cave
§ Superior venae cave
§ Inferior venae cave
§ Drains the blood from the upper and lower aspects of the body to the
right atrium
§ The atria collect venous blood / receivers of the venous blood
o Pulmonary arteries
, o Venae cave
§ Superior venae cave
§ Inferior venae cave
§ Drains the blood from the upper and lower aspects of the body to the
right atrium
§ The atria collect venous blood / receivers of the venous blood
o Pulmonary arteries
§ Ventricles pump blood out via pulmonary trunk which later
bifurcates into the right and left pulmonary arteries
§ Color of artery is blue because it carried deoxygenated blood
o Pulmonary veins
§ 4 pulmonary veins
• 2 from right and 2 from left
• Inferior and superior on each side
§ Flow into the left atrium
§ Carries oxygenated blood
o Aorta
§ Blood pumped from the left ventricle enters the aorta
§ Forms the ascending part, aortic arch then descending part
§ Branches into
• Brachiocephalic artery
Right subclavian artery
Right common carotid artery
• Left common carotid artery
• Left subclavian artery
- Posterior view
o Chambers
§ Left ventricle mostly seen
§ Right atrium looks smaller
o Grooves
§ Coronary sulcus
• Still visible on posterior side
• Between atria and ventricles
§ Posterior interventricular sulcus
• Runs towards apex which is on left side
o Great vessels
§ Superior venae cava
§ Inferior venae cava
§ Pulmonary arteries
• Pulmonary trunk not visible
§ Pulmonary veins
§ Aorta
- Circuits
o Right ventricle is origin of pulmonary circulation
o Left ventricle is origin of the systemic circulation
- Valves
o Blood pressure is higher in left hand side
o However more cusps in right side and only 2 in left side
o Right atrioventricular valve
§ Tricuspid valve
o Left atrioventricular valve
§ Bicuspid valve
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