Phsyiological basis of heath and disease BBMS2006 (BBMS2006)
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The Neural control of breathing
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Phsyiological basis of heath and disease BBMS2006 (BBMS2006)
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The University Of Hong Kong
Include the regions of the brain responsible for controlling breathing and the receptors (chemoreceptors and mechanoreceptors) involved. As well as the response of the lungs and breathing rate in situations such as acute or prolonged hypoxia or carbon dioxide inhalation
Phsyiological basis of heath and disease BBMS2006 (BBMS2006)
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Control of Breathing
Monday, 20 September 2021 5:01 PM
Neural control of breathing
- Sensors
o Gather and collect information
o Send to brain where central controller is located
- Central controller
o Pons / medulla
o Important for the coordination of neural activity
- Effector
o Relay activity to diaphragm / respiratory muscles
o Responsible for activity during active expiration and inspiration
Central controllers
- Medulla oblongata
o Inspiratory centre
§ Motor centre for inspiration
o Expiratory centre
§ Motor centre for expiration
- In pons
o Pneumotaxic centre – upper pons
§ Quickens transition from inspiration to expiration
o Apneustic center – middle /lower pons
§ slows change from inspiration from expiration
§ Makes transition more difficult
- control of breathing
o regular rhythmic breathing pattern under neurogenic control
o respiratory centers
§ motor centers – medulla oblongata
§ coordinating center – pons
• Coordinate the transitions from inspiration to expiration
o neural pathways
§ vagal nerve sends negative feedback activity for the transition between
inspiration and expiration
• Pneumotaxic feedback to stop inspiration
§ herring breur reflex
• negative feedback to stop inspiration and facilitate transition
• Prevents over inflation of the lungs
• Stretch receptors respond to stretching during inspiration
o receptors
§ responds to the stretch of the lung during inspiration
• activated stretch receptor when lung is expanded
• neural activity sent to respiratory sensor through vagal nerve to
, • Prevents over inflation of the lungs
• Stretch receptors respond to stretching during inspiration
o receptors
§ responds to the stretch of the lung during inspiration
• activated stretch receptor when lung is expanded
• neural activity sent to respiratory sensor through vagal nerve to
inhibit inspiration
o reflex pathway
chemoreceptors
- peripheral chemoreceptors
o sensitive to the chemicals involved in respiration
o aortic and carotid bodies
§ biphalcation of carotid artery
o increased chemo-sensitive cell activity by increasing ventilation
§ lower oxygen level / pH / high CO2 / low blood flow / high temp / drugs
§ hypoxemia
§ causes increase in ventilation
o decrease activity when
§ higher oxygen level / pH / low CO2 / high blood flow / low temp / drugs
§ Decreases ventilation
- central chemoreceptors
o Medulla
§ lower brain stem
o it does not respond to oxygen level
o only to pH, CO2 level, blood flow, temperature, drugs
o affects ventilation by affecting frequency and tidal volume
Pulmonary receptors
- irritant receptors
o Found in air way epithelium
o responds to irritants – dust
o illicit airway reflexes – coughing
o receptor activity increases in diseased conditions
§ Chemical / mechanical irritations, pneumothorax, pulmonary
congestions, asthma
o stimulates increase in ventilation
§ increasing breathing frequency
§ decreases tidal volume
§ shallow breathing
- stretch receptors
o Found in smooth muscles of airways
o Regulates breathing rhythm
o herring-breuer reflex
- type J receptors
o juxta-pulmonary capillary receptors in alveolar wall
o stimulated by
§ increases interstitial volume
§ Chemical injury
§ Pathological conditions
o increase ventilation by stimulating frequency and decreases TV
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