Class notes
Nutritional disorders
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Includes the forms of malnutrition (overnutrition and undernutrition including Kwashiorkor and marasmus), measures of nutritional assessment and eating disorders
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Nutritional disordersFriday, 29 October 2021 10:17 AM
Malnutrition
- Undernutrition
○ Usually thought of as a deficiency primarily of calories
§ When calories are deficient, vitamins and minerals are
likely deficient as well
○ Occurs during pregnancy or before two years of age
§ May result in permanent problems with physical and
mental development
○ Extreme undernutrition (starvation) may be fatal
○ Symptoms
§ Underweight / bones protrude / dry/inelastic skin / dry
or loss of hair
§ Susceptibility to infections due to compromised immune
system
§ Wasting of muscle and fat tissue (cachexia) due to excess
cytokine production
○ Possible causes
§ Insufficient intake of macronutrients
□ Protein-energy malnutrition
§ Insufficient intake of micronutrients
□ Dietary deficiencies on certain vitamins or minerals
§ Genetic disorders / medical conditions
□ Affecting digestion / absorption / metabolism of
food
§ Mental / psychological problem
§ Social / cultural factors
§ Loos of nutrients from body
□ E.g. protein loss in nephrotic syndrome /
uncontrolled glycosuria in DM / potassium loss is
diarrhea
§ Increased physiological needs
□ Pregnancy / lactation / trauma or major surgery
○ Types of undernutrition
§ Protein energy malnutrition (PEM)
□ Deficiency in proteins / carbohydrates
□ Caused by prolonged / severe deficiency of protein
and calories
□ Often occurs in children of developing countries
, ○ Types of undernutrition
§ Protein energy malnutrition (PEM)
□ Deficiency in proteins / carbohydrates
□ Caused by prolonged / severe deficiency of protein
and calories
□ Often occurs in children of developing countries
resulting in death due to infections
□ Can occur in adults in developed countries too
® E.g. people who developed anorexia nervosa
due to weight loss programs
□ 2 main forms
® Marasmus
◊ Severe deficiency of calories and
proteins
◊ Often in infants / very young children
◊ symptoms
} Weight loss / loss of muscle and
fat / dehydration
} Severe muscle wasting
} Wrinkled skin
} Old persons face
} Hair loss
® Kwashiorkor
◊ Severe deficiency more of proteins
than calories
◊ Less common
◊ Often occurs in first born child after
second child is born
◊ Usually occurs in children slightly older
◊ Usually confined in certain countries of
the world where the population diet
consists mainly of carbs but lack
proteins
◊ Symptoms
} Affected individuals retain fluid
and appear puffy / swollen
(Oedema)
} Abdomen may protrude /
distended abdomen (Ascites)
} Scaly skin
} Swollen ankles (Oedema)
§ Dietary deficiencies
□ Deficiency in specific nutrients such as specific
vitamins or minerals
- Overnutrition
○ Major problem in developed countries
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