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Rasmussen College: NUR 4323 /MDC4 Final Study Guide LATEST 2021/2022,100% CORRECT

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MDC4 Final Study Guide

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MDC4 Final Study Guide

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Rasmussen College: NUR 4323 /MDC4 Final Study Guide LATEST
2021/2022
Exam Notes MDC4
Final

Parkland Formula
a) 4ml x % BSA x weight (kg)= volume of fluid that needs to be infused
b) ½ of the total volume of fluid in first 8 hours
c) Last half in 16 hours

MAP Calculation
a) MAP= 1/3 * SBP + 2/3 * DBP

Treatment for frostbite
a) Rewarming the skin
a. Rewarm the area using a warm-water bath for 15 to 30 minutes
b. Skin may turn soft and look red or purple
c. You may be encouraged to gently move the affected area as it
rewarms.
b) Oral pain medicine
a. The rewarming process can be painful
c) Protecting the injury
a. Once the skin thaws, loosely wrap the area with sterile sheets,
towels, or dressing to protect the skin.
b. May have to protect fingers and toes as they thaw by gently
separating them from each other
c. You may need to elevate the affected area to reduce swelling
d) Debridement (removal of damaged tissue)
a. To heal properly, frostbitten skin needs to be free of
damaged, dead or infected tissue.
e) Whirlpool therapy or physical therapy
a. Hydrotherapy can aid healing by keeping skin clean and
naturally removing dead tissue
b. Pt may be encouraged to move the affected area
f) Antibiotics
a. If the skin or blisters appear to be infected, the doctor may
prescribe oral antibiotics

,g) TPA
a. IV injection of a drug that helps restore blood flow (thrombolytic)
such as TPA.
b. TPA lowers the risk of amputation
c. These drugs can cause serious bleeding and are typically used
only in the most serious situations and within 24 hours of
exposure.
h) Wound care
i) Surgery
a. Severe frostbite patients may need surgery or amputation
to remove dead or decaying tissue.
j) Hyperbaric oxygen therapy
a. Some patients show improved symptoms after this therapy,
but more study is needed.

,Treatment and differences of heat stroke and heat exhaustion
a) Heat exhaustion
a. Symptoms
i. General weakness, increased heavy sweating, a weak
but faster HR, N/V, possible fainting, pale/cold/clammy
skin
b. Treatment
i. Stop physical activity, transfer to cool space
ii. Cooling measures (ice water bath, mist skin with water,
ice packs, special cooling blanket)
iii. Rehydration therapy
b) Heat stroke
a. Symptoms
i. Elevated body temperature above 103 F (39.4 C), rapid
and strong HR, loss or change of consciousness, hot, red,
dry, or moist skin
b. Treatment
i. Oxygen therapy, IV lines, urinary catheter, continuous
cooling (Ice bath, mist skin with water, ice packs, special
cooling blanket), benzodiazepine if shivering occurs,
monitor for multi system organ dysfunction syndrome and
electrolyte imbalances.

Priority assessment in triage
a) ABC’s

Temperature reduction strategies
a) Ice bath, mist skin with water, ice packs, special cooling blanket

Skin injury related to frostbite
a) Frostbite occurs in several stages:
a. Frostnip
i. Mild form of frostbite- does not permanently damage the
skin
ii. Continued exposure leads to numbness in the affected area

, iii. As the skin warms, the patient may feel pain and tingling.
b. Superficial Frostbite
i. Appears as reddened skin that turns white or pale
ii. The skin may begin to feel warm- a sign of serious skin
involvement
iii. If you treat frostbite with rewarming at this stage, the
surface of skin may appear mottled and you may notice
stinging, burning, and swelling
iv. Fluid-filled blisters may appear 12 to 36 hours after
rewarming the skin
c. Deep (Severe) Frostbite
i. Skin turns white or bluish grey, and the patient may
experience numbness, losing all sensation of cold, pain, or
discomfort in the affected area.
ii. Joints/muscles may no longer work

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Exam (elaborations)

Rasmussen College: NUR 4323 /MDC4 Final Study Guide LATEST 2021/2022,100% CORRECT

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