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ELASTICIDAD Y ESFUERZO

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DEFINICIÓN DE ELASTICIDAD Y DEFINICIÓN DE ESFUERZO CON EJEMPLOS.

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  • February 4, 2022
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ELASTICIDAD Y ESFUERZO
La ley de hooke establece que uando se ejerce una fuerza en un objeto, la longitud de
este cambia. Si la cantidad de alargamiento es pequeña, la longitid es proporcional a la
fuerza ejjercida en el objeto. Esta ley sólo es válida si el alargamiento es pequeño, si el
alargamiento es demaciado grande, el objeto se rompe.

F = kΔℓ

donde Δl es la constante del objeto y k es la constante de Hooke.
El esfuerzo es la fuerza spbre unidad de área.

F
esfuerzo =
A

La deformación unitaria es la razón del cambio de longitud y la longitud de un objeto.

Δℓ
deformación unitaria =
ℓ0

EJEMPLO 1
Una cuerda de nylon con una longitud inicial de 0.30 m y un diámetro de 0.001 m está
bajo una tensión de 275 N. ¿Cuál es el cambio de longitud de la cuerda?

SOLUCIÓN

A = π(0.0005)2 = 7.85 × 10−7 m2
275 N(0.30 m)
Δ𝑙𝑙 = = 0.0210 m
5.00×109 N/m2 (7.85×10−7 m2 )

EJEMPLO 2
Una columna de marmol de 1.4 m2 de área y de 8.6 m de alto soporta un objeto que
pesa 245000 N. ¿Cuál es el cambio de longitud de la columna?

SOLUCIÓN

245000 N 2
esfuerzo = = 175000 N/m
1.|4 m2
175000 N/m2 (8.6 m)
Δ𝑙𝑙 = = 0.0000301 m
5.00×1010 N/m2

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