TEST BANK PATHOPHYSIOLOGY THE BIOLOGIC BASIS FOR DISEASE IN ADULTS AND CHILDREN 8th Edition

Calcium alterations are an important mechanism of cell injury and death. Cell membrane injury leads to calcium influx into the cell. An influx of calcium ions from the extracellular compartment activates multiple enzyme systems, resulting in cytoskeleton disruption, membrane damage, activation of inflammation, and eventually DNA degradation. Calcium ion accumulation in the mitochondria causes the mitochondria to swell, which is an occurrence that is associated with irreversible cellular injury. The injured mitochondria can no longer generate ATP, but they do continue to accumulate calcium ions. Mitochondrial consequences of cell membrane damage do not include enzymatic digestion, reduced ATP production due to edema, or infrastructure damage from potassium shifts. PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering 7. What is a consequence of leakage of lysosomal enzymes during chemical injury? a. Enzymatic digestion of the nucleus and nucleolus occurs, halting DNA synthesis. b. Influx of potassium ions into the mitochondria occurs, halting the ATP production. c. Edema of the Golgi body prevents the transport of proteins out of the cell. d. Shift of calcium out of the plasma membrane occurs, destroying the cytoskeleton. ANS: A Acid hydrolases from leaking lysosomes are activated in the reduced pH of the injured cell and they digest cytoplasmic and nuclear components. Influx of potassium ions into the mitochondria, edema of Golgi bodies, and calcium destruction of the cytoskeleton are not a consequence of leakage of lysosomal enzymes during chemical injury. PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering 8. Lead causes damage within the cell by interfering with the action of what? a. Sodium and chloride b. Potassium c. Calcium d. ATP ANS: C Lead affects many different biologic activities at the cellular and molecular levels, many of which may be related to its ability to interfere with the functions and homeostasis of calcium. Lead does not appear to cause damage by interfering with the action of sodium, chloride, potassium, or ATP. PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering 9. A health professions student asks the professor to explain apoptosis. What response is most accurate? a. Programmed cell death b. Due to chemical injury c. Unpredictable patterns of cell death d. Results in benign malignancies