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NUR 2063 Final REVISED Final Exam Study Guide Patho Spring 2020,100% CORRECT

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NUR 2063

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NUR 2063

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NUR 2063 Final REVISED Final Exam Study Guide Patho Spring 2020
Final Exam Concept Guide
Know the Etiology, Signs/Symptoms, Diagnosis/Diagnostics, Clinical
Manifestation,Risks, Treatment and Complications for the following:
▪ Gastritis
Gastritis – inflammation of the stomach lining
Acute Gastritis – (just acquired) ingestion of toxins, alcohol, aspirin or other
irritatingsubstances
Chronic- 2 months to become chronic
Triggers of Gastritis: Alcohol, caffeine, autoimmune disease, viral or
bacteriaChronic Gastritis: H Pylori is always a factor
H Pylori goes very deep in the lining of the stomach and It causes persistent
inflammation
S/S: N/V – Anorexia- postcranial discomfort
Post Cranial Discomfort- after eating- goes away and come
back 1-2 hrsGastritis- hematemesis- blood in the vomit- coffee
brown color
Treatment: Treat H pylori treat GERD, change lifestyle, PPI

▪ Peptic Ulcer Disease
Inflammation and ulceration in the stomach (acid and
pepsin)Gastric: stomach location
Duodenal: duodenal
location PUD is a
complication of Gastritis
PUD is caused by aspirin, H pylori, Nsaids, Stress,
Smoking S/S Gastric N/V Anorexia Chest discomfort,
asymptotic, Dyspepsia
Duodenal – normal weight
Biggest complication of PUD- GI bleeding due to Ulcer perforation- hole in the
lining andbleed
It is life-threatening if it keep bleeding (Anemic, electrolytes imbalance
(losing volume)Duodenal – Blood in the stool – black and tarry
Bleeding profusely-frank with
cloth Hematemesis- Bleeding
in vomiting
Treatment: Cortery of perforation, treatment of H. pylori, PPI, Cessation of smoking
▪ Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn’s the difference in the complications
Complication in UC Malnutrition – dehydration, increased risk factor of
colon cancer7-10 yrs, rarely in megacolon

Complication of Chron- Fistulas, perianal fissures, abscesses. The risk of colorectal canc

,▪ Bowel Obstruction Manifestations
Obstructions in the jejunal area: Vomiting, dehydration, electrolyte depletion
Obstructions of the distal portion of the small bowl or ileum, dehydration to
hypovolemicschock
Obstructions of the colon: Massive gas distention
Blockage of the colon by a tumor is the most common cause of colonic
obstruction andperforation of the bowel wall adjacent to the tumor.

▪ What percentage of the pancreas is dedicated to endocrine functions?
Only 5%
▪ Pancreatic Cancer
Pancreatic Cancer – 2% of all cancers
Ranked 4th among death in all
malignancies Risk Factors; cigarette
smoking, obesity
S/S; head: Jaundice, malabsorption, weight loss tail: Abd pain, nausea’
▪ Hepatic Encephalopathy is due to?
Hepatic encephalopathy is a decline in brain function due to severe liver disease

,Hepatic encephalopathy is usually precipitated by certain well-defined clinical
developments, including hypokalemia, hyponatremia, alkalosis, hypoxia, hypercarbia,
infection, use of sedatives, GI hemorrhage, protein meal gorging, renal failure, and
constipation. In some patients, progressive liver failure leads to chronic
encephalopathy without other exacerbating factors.
Hepatic encephalopathy is graded 1 to 4:
• Grade 1: Confusion, subtle behavioral changes, no flap
• Grade 2: Drowsy, clear behavioral changes, flap present
• Grade 3: Stuporous but can follow commands, marked confusion, slurred
speech, flap present
• Grade 4: Coma, no flap

▪ Gastroesophageal Varices Management
- Initial treatment: Fluid resuscitation to stop
-
- bleedingLarge bore intravenous lines are placed
Admin of parenteral vitamin K and plasma, platelet infusion if
thrombocytopenia ispresent
- Octreotide acetate (synthetic analog) no more vasopressin 3-5 days
-
- Metoclopramide and B blockers
Esophagogastroduodenoscopy EGD to determine site of bleeding
▪ Difference between Diverticulosis and Diverticulitis
Diverticulosis (diverticular disease) presence of diverticula in the colon.
Diverticula are acquired herniations of the mucosa and submucosa through the
muscular coatof the colon

Diverticulosis The presence of one or more diverticula vs diverticulitis
inflammation of one ormore diverticula
▪ Kidney Disease- Assessment-CVA
Pain associated with intrarenal disorders are assessed by palpating or light
percussion overthe costovertebral angle (CVA) posteriorly and is recorded as CVA
tenderness. Pain is transmitted to the spinal cord between T10 and L1
▪ Kidney Cancer signs and symptoms
Benign renal neoplasm: S/S Hematuria and flank
painSome may be asymptomatic until large

Renal cell carcinoma: Metastatic disease
Risk factors: smoking, obesity and
hypertensionS/S CVA tenderness,
hematuria, palpable mass

▪ Dialysis- Benefits and Risks
▪ Filter blood and rid the waist
Dialysis is the only therapeutic option for those with ESRD unable to obtain
transplantEach treatment of dialysis remove about 2/3 of the total body
urea content

, Dialysis maintain volume status
Prevent and treat acid-base and electrolyte
disturbancesPrevent and treat uremia
Support nutritional
needs. Prevent and
treat infectionOrevent
and treat anemia
Improve quality of life
Lower mortalty and morbidity
ratesControl pains

VS
RISKS
Electrolytes imbalance (potassium and sodium) -need to check hyper or hypo

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