Summary Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 2 Basic Chemistry
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Course
Nursing
Institution
Nursing
Book
Essentials of Human Anatomy
This document contains important information about the basic of chemistry. It provides baseline of knowledge about chemistry. This document is based on the book of Elaine Marieb.
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Matter and Energy
! Matter—anything that occupies space and has mass (weight)
! Matter may exist as one of three states:
o Solid: definite shape and volume
o Liquid: definite volume; shape of container
o Gaseous: neither a definite shape nor volume
Matter and Energy
! Matter may be changed
o Physically
! Changes do not alter the basic nature of a substance
o Chemically
! Changes alter the chemical composition of a substance
Matter and Energy
! Energy—the ability to do work.
o Has no mass and does not take up space
o Kinetic energy: energy is doing work
o Potential energy: energy is inactive or stored
Matter and Energy
! Forms of energy
o Chemical energy is stored in chemical bonds of substances
o Electrical energy results from movement of charged particles
o Mechanical energy is energy directly involved in moving matter
o Radiant energy travels in waves
Matter and Energy
! Energy form conversions
o ATP (adenosine triphosphate) traps the chemical energy of food in its
bonds
Composition of Matter
! Elements—fundamental units of matter
o 96 percent of the body is made from four elements:
1. Oxygen (O)
2. Carbon (C)
3. Hydrogen (H)
4. Nitrogen (N)
, ! Periodic table contains a complete listing of elements
Composition of Matter
! Atoms
o Building blocks of elements
o Atoms of elements differ from one another
o Atomic symbol is chemical shorthand for each element
o Indivisible (“incapable of being divided”)
Subatomic Particles
! Nucleus
o Protons (p+) are positively charged
o Neutrons (n0) are uncharged or neutral
! Orbiting the nucleus
o Electrons (e–) are negatively charged
Subatomic Particles
! Atoms are electrically neutral
o Number of protons equals numbers of electrons in an atom
o Positive and negative charges cancel each other out
! Ions are atoms that have lost or gained electrons
Subatomic Particles
! Planetary model
o Portrays the atom as a miniature solar system
o Protons and neutrons are in the nucleus
o Electrons are in orbitals
Subatomic Particles
! Orbital model
o More modern
o Predicts chemical behavior of atoms
o Electrons are depicted by an electron cloud, a haze of negative charge,
outside the nucleus
Subatomic Particles
! Electrons determine an atom’s chemical behavior
! Although outdated, the planetary model is simple and easy to understand and use
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