Psych 223 - Abnormal Psychology Exam #2 Review Sheet
Psych 223 - Abnormal Psychology Exam #2 Review Sheet
Lecture 7: Depressive Disorders
o Affect: An immediately expressed and observed emotion.
o Mood: Relatively long, stable affective state characterized by series of
emotions. Moods can be ...
Psych 223 - Abnormal Psychology Exam #2 Review Sheet
Lecture 7: Depressive Disorders
o Affect: An immediately expressed and observed emotion.
o Mood: Relatively long, stable affective state characterized by series of
emotions. Moods can be negative or positive
o Mood Disorder: Characterized by extremely low or high moods
o Mood Disorders in DSM-5. Major Depressive Disorder, with Peripartum
Onset
o Persistent Depressive Disorder
o Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder
o Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder
Know the symptoms associated with MDD, Dysthymia, Bipolar Disorder (and the different
subtypes, i.e. Bipolar I, Bipolar II, Rapid Cycling (Mixed State)
o Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)
o Persistent sad or low mood severe enough to impair ability to engage in
normally pleasurable activities
o symptoms include: down or depressed mood, loss of interest or pleasure in
things that were once enjoyed, weight loss/gain, Increased/decreased
appetite, insomnia or hypersomnia, fatigue or less of energy, feelings of
worthlessness or excessive guilt, indecisiveness, decreased ability to
think/concentrate, & thoughts of death, suicidal ideation or behavior
o 40% of people with MDD eat and sleep more than other people, some people
have a single episode of major depression, meaning that these symptoms
happen one time and never become as severe again, others have recurrent
major depression, where they experience periods of major depression and
periods of normal mood. 7-18% of the U.S. population experience at least
one major depressive episode by age 40, in children, mood disturbance may
manifest as irritability or hostility.
Differences between MDD and Dysthymia
o Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia)
A chronic state of depression; the symptoms are the same as those
of major depression, but they are less severe, persistent, lasting two
or more years and an individual is never without symptoms for
more than two months, double depression – Dysthymia with major
depressive episodes = leads to severe outcomes (social isolation,
high suicide risk)
Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder
o Specific to children between ages 6 to 18, severe recurrent temper outbursts that are
out of proportion to the situation. Occurs three times a week or more. Criteria is
present in at least two of three settings (school, home, or with peers). Designed to
, provide alternative diagnosis for bipolar disorder. Criticized for creating an illness out
of temper tantrums.
Prevalence of Depressive Disorders
o MDD is the single most common psychological disorder in the U.S. 16.2% over 18
report MDD at some point in their lifetime. Median age of onset: 30 years old.
Dysthymia less common: 2.5%, Children: 2.5%, Adolescents: 8.3%, Over age 60:
10.6%
o MDD is the 4th leading cause of global disease burden according to the World Health
Organization
Sex differences in depressive disorders
o Women are twice as likely to suffer from major depression than men. More common in
women with lower SES, those who are less educated, and those who are unemployed.
Hormones MAY have a role. Women more likely to ruminate. Women also may
respond differently to stress compared to men
Race & ethnicity differences in depressive disorders
o Higher rates of depression in Whites compared to African American and Hispanic
individuals: 17.9%. Many cultures throughout the world do not have a word for
‘depression’. More work needed to develop a global understanding of major depression
and associated symptoms
Depressive Disorder Comorbidity
o Co-occurs with several medical conditions. About 72.1% of adults with lifetime major
depressive disorder had at least one additional psychological disorder. Anxiety
disorders (59.2%), Substance use disorder (24%), Impulse control disorders (30%),
depression is the most common comorbid disorder in eating disorders. The same
genetic factors may influence the risk of both major depressive disorder and
generalized anxiety disorder. Environment may shape the development of these
disorders
Causes of Depressive Disorders
Genetic factors; 2-3x more likely to have MDD if an immediate relative does, 37%
heritable, Genes predict greater risk for depression (serotenergic system)
Environmental factors; Stress, Loss, Grief, Relationship problems, Health challenges,
Caregiving
37% heritability- twin studies have shown this rate, meaning that approximately 40% of
MDD is caused by genes while the remaining is attributed to other factors. A number of
different genes have also been shown to be related to a risk for depression
Serotenergic system- a network of neurons and neurotransmitters in the brain which,
among other things, function to regulate emotion– genes have been shown to influence
this neural system to increase the likelihood of experiencing depression
Stressful life events are typical in bringing about the first major depressive episode, but
recurrent depressive episodes are less likely to have a specific trigger than the first one
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