Notes made based on:
CGP AS and A2 OCR Chemistry textbook
OCR AS Chemistry Student Book
OCR Specification
Basically a condensed version of all of these cutting out the BS that's not needed; learn these by heart and do some past papers and that grade A/B is yours.
I used these for the July 2015 C...
AS Chemistry Unit F322: Chains, Energies and
Resources
Module 1: Basic Concepts and Hydrocarbons
Topic 1: Basic Concepts
Representing Formulae of Organic Compounds
● EMPIRICAL FORMULA: simplest whole no. ratio of atoms of each elements in a compound
● MOLECULAR FORMULA: actual no. of atoms of each element in a compound
● GENERAL FORMULA: simplest algebraic formula of a member of a homologous series i.e.
alkane: CnH2n+2
● STRUCTURAL FORMULA: minimal detail that shows the arrangement of
atoms in a molecule e.g. butane: CH3CH2CH2CH3 or CH3(CH2)2CH3
● DISPLAYED FORMULA: relative positioning of atoms and the bonds
between them
● SKELETAL FORMULA: simplified organic formula shown by removing H
atoms from alkyl chains, leaving just a carbon skeleton and associated
functional groups i.e. butan-2-ol
Functional Groups and the Naming of Organic Compounds
● HOMOLOUGOUS SERIES: series of organic compounds
with the same functional group but w/ each successive No. of Carbons Name Formula
member differing by CH2 1 Methane CH2
2 Ethane C2H6
● FUNCTIONAL GROUP: group of atoms responsible for the 3 Propane C3H8
chemical reactions of a compound 4 Butane C4H10
● SATURATED: C – C single bonds only 5 Pentane C5H12
● UNSATURATED: C – C double + bonds 6 Hexane C6H14
● HYDROCARBONS: compounds w/ only H and C 7 Heptane C7H16
8 Octane C8H18
● ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBONS: carbons that are in a 9 Nonane C9H20
straight or branched chain 10 Decane C10H22
● ALICYCLIC HYDROCARBONS: carbons that
are in a ring structure Homologous Series Prefix/Suffix Example
Alkanes -ane Propane
● Nomenclature – system used to name Branched alkanes Alkyl- (-yl) Methylpropane
organic compounds Alkenes -ene Propene
1) Identify longest chain carbon so that main Halogenoalkanes Chloro- Chloroethane
functional group is on the lowest C Bromo-
2) Identify side chains and which C they are Iodo-
on Alcohols -ol Ethanol
3) Put side chains in alphabetical order Aldehydes -al Ethanal
4) If more than one identical side- Ketones -one Propanone
Cycloalkanes Cyclo- Cyclohexane
chain/functional group, put di, tri etc. but
-ane
ignore this part of name when putting in Arenes Benzene Ethylbenzene
alphabetical order (e.g. in CGP book) Esters Alkyl Propyl
-oate ethanoate
Carboxylic acids -oic acid Ethanioc acid
, Isomerism
● STRUCTURAL ISOMERS: compounds w/ the same molecular formula but dif structural
formula
● Three dif types of structural isomers:
Chain Isomers:
-the C skeleton can be arranged differently, as a straight or branched chain in different ways
-similar chem properties
-physical properties, e.g. boiling point, will be dif as shape of molecule is dif
Positional Isomers:
-skeletal and functional group may be same only w/ group attached to a dif. Carbon
-dif physical properties, maybe dif chemical properties too
Functional Group Isomers:
-same atoms can be arranged into dif functional groups
-have v. dif chemical and physical properties
● Atoms can rotate as much as they like around C – C single bonds so what looks like an
isomer may not be
● STEREOISOMERS: compounds w/ same structural formula but w/ a dif arrangement of
atoms in space
● Can’t rotate much around C = C double bonds so some alkenes have stereoisomers
● E/Z Isomerism/Cis-trans Isomerism:
-must have C = C double bond present
-must have two dif groups attached to each C
-E = trans, Z = cis
- E/trans is when both groups are on opposite sides
-Z/cis is when both groups are on the same side (so both below/above)
-special case of this is cis-trans isomerism where two of the groups on each carbon is the
same
Reaction Mechanisms
● During chem reaction bonds broken in process called bond fission
● Covalent bond can be broken two ways:
Heterolytic Fission:
-two dif substances are formed
-one of the bonded atoms takes both of the shared
pair of electrons
-positively charged cation and negatively charge
anion (one that takes both electrons) made
Homolytic Fission:
-two electrically uncharged ‘radicals’ (particles that
have an unpaired electron) made
-each bonded atom takes one electron from the
shared pair
-because they are now radicals they are extremely reactive
(double headed arrow means both electrons move, one headed arrow means one moves)
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller sal98. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $6.46. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
