BSC 2346 Module_05_Midterm_Exam_Review
Mid-Term Exam Review: PowerPoint Lecture Topics/Objectives
Module 01 Scientific Method Review
• Define the scientific method.
The way we seek new knowledge
• Label the steps to the scientific method.
Observation, measurement, experiment, formulatio...
Module 01 Scientific Method Review
• Define the scientific method.
The way we seek new knowledge
• Label the steps to the scientific method.
Observation, measurement, experiment, formulation, testing & modification
of hypothesis
• Define the variables associated with the scientific
method. Independent variable-one the scientist changes
Dependent variable-The variable scientist is watching for change
Controlled variable- The variable that is constant
Module 01 Homeostasis Review
• Define metabolism and its role within the body.
Metabolism-Chemical reactions involved in the maintain the living state
of organisms. Chemical reactions make things in the body work. 2 types:
Anabolism-smaller, simpler molecules are combines into larger, complex
molecules. Uses energy
Catabolism- breaking down larger, complex substances into simple
molecules. Releases energy
• Explain the process of homeostasis.
We have a set point (physiological valve around which normal values
fluctuate)
This creates a normal range (restricted values for healthy and stable living).
When something goes out of range a negative feedback look takes
place(Mechanism that prevents physiological response from going beyond
normal range by reversing an action once normal range is exceeded)
The sensors/receptors measure the physiological values.
The effectors are responsible for reversing the situation to return to normal
range.
• Compare and contrast negative and positive feedback loops.
Positive feedback loop: Moves a bodys state of stability away from normal
range. (childbirth, blood loss)
Negative feedback loop: Works on moving a body’s state of stability back to
its normal range of values. (sweating)
• Discuss the importance of maintaining homeostasis.
Feedback loops are important because if we exceed or normal values
range for to long it can cause detrimental effects on our bodies, even death.
Its an important response as it keeps our body stable and functioning at its
best.
Module 01 Chemistry Review
• Define the structure of an atom.
Electrons surrounding a nucleus, which contains a proton and neutrons
, • Compare and contrast the different types of chemical bonding.
Ionic bond: +/- charged ion, combine to balance outer electron shell, weak
bond
Covalent bond: share electrons to complete outer electron shell, strong bond
(CO2)
Hydrogen bond: positively charged H (hydrogen) ions, weakly attracted to
negative charged ions
• Define the pH scale and explain the importance of maintaining proper
pH. PH is the measurement of H+ ion concentration, measures 0-14.
0-7 acidic
7-14 base
7 neutral
Blood is slightly alkaline, measuring 7.35-7.45, in order to properly function
needs to stay around 7.40
• Compare and contrast organic
compounds. 4 organic molecules:
Proteins: made up of amino acids and carry out many functions (ie:
catalyzing reactions-enzymes)
Lipids make up the cellular membrane (phospholipid bilayer) made up of
fatty acids
Carbohydrates are made up of simple sugars (glucose & maltose)
Nucleic acids are made up of nucleotides and form nucleic material such as
DNA
Module 01 Cellular Structure and Function Review
• Label and explain the components all cells share.
Plasma Membrane-cell boundries, interaction with cells, allows for
movement between cells
Cytoplasm/Organelles-between plasma membrane and nucleus, Contains
mitochondria, ribosomes, and ER
Nucleus-
, • Explain the structure and function of the cell membrane.
The cell membrane (also known as the plasma membrane or cytoplasmic
membrane) is a biological membrane that separates the interior of all cells
from the outside environment. The cell membrane is selectively permeable to
ions and organic molecules and controls the movement of substances in and
out of cells. The basic function of the cell membrane is to protect the cell from
its surroundings. It consists of the phospholipid bilayer with embedded
proteins. Cell membranes are involved in a variety of cellular processes such
as cell adhesion, ion conductivity and cell signalling and serve as the
attachment surface for several extracellular structures, including the cell
wall, glycocalyx, and intracellular cytoskeleton.
• Compare and contrast the various cellular organelles.
• mitochondria produces energy through cellular respiration
• rough endoplasmic reticulum transport and storage
• ribosomes create proteins
• smooth endoplasmic reticulum creates lipids or fat
• chloroplast creates glucose
• golgi apparatus synthesis, packages and releases concentrate proteins
or lipids
• golgi body protein or lipid enters the cytoplasm
• cytoplasm where all chemicals take place
• glycoprotein short sugar chains attached to proteins
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