Attachment 2022 exam(PSYCH 12)
how old were the infants in ainsworth's the strange situation?
{{ANS}}between 12 and 24 months
what was ainsworth assessing?
{{ANS}}the patterns of their responses across the different episodes, behaviour at separation and reunion are particularly important
w...
Attachment 2022 exam(PSYCH 12)
how old were the infants in ainsworth's the strange situation?
{{ANS}}between 12 and 24 months
what was ainsworth assessing?
{{ANS}}the patterns of their responses across the different episodes, behaviour at
separation and reunion are particularly important
what was the information gained from ASS used to determine?
{{ANS}}different types of attachment (not the amount of attachment).
what type of observation is ASS?
{{ANS}}It is a controlled observation procedure designed to measure the security of
attachment a baby displays towards a cake in.
how is ASS a controlled observation?
{{ANS}}controlled condition in a room, with two-way mirror which a psychologist can
observe a baby's behaviour through.
what do the behaviours used to judge attachment include?
{{ANS}}- proximity seeking
- exploration and secure base behaviour
- stranger anxiety
- separation anxiety
- response to reunion.
A (avoidant) description
{{ANS}}- infant shows no sign of distress when mother leaves
- treats mother and stranger the same
- 15%
B (secure) description
{{ANS}}- happy in mother's presence but distressed when mother leaves
- calm on mothers return
- wary of stranger
- 70%
C (resistant) description
{{ANS}}- fussy/difficult
- cries a lot
- distressed when mother leaves and not comfoted on her return
- shows anger
- resits stranger
- 15%
what is the additional type of attachment added by main and solomon in 1990?
, {{ANS}}D (disorganised) - erratic pattern of behaviour - links to severe neglect
strange situation evaluation point 1
{{ANS}}P = it is ethnocentric
E = it is not appropriate for measuring attachment in non western cultures; behaviour
will depend on early childhood experiences
E = for example, miyake 1985 found 35% Japanese infants to be ambivalent and
Takahashi 1990 suggested that Japanese infants became distressed in the strange
situation because they are seldom left alone.
L=
strange situation evaluation point 2
{{ANS}}P = another limitation is that it could be measuring temperament rather than
attachment
E= kagan 1984 suggested that avoidant infants behave as they do because they rarely
become stressed, whereas ambivalent infants behave as they do because they are
easily stressed
counter = de wolff and van ijzendoorn 1997 meta analysis found that children can have
different types of attachments to their mother and father
L = this would suggest that the strange situation does measure attachment rather than
stress as suggested by kagen.
strange situation evaluation point 3
{{ANS}}P = one strength of the ss is that its outcome predicts a number of aspects of
the babies later development
E = a large body of research has shown that babies and toddlers assessed as type b
(secure) tent to have better outcomes that others, both in later childhood and in
adulthood. in childhood this includes better achievement in school and less involvement
in bullying (mccormick et al 2016 and koinos 2007).
E = securely attached babies also tend to have better mental health in adulthood (ward
et al 2006) those babies assessed as having insecure resistant attachment and those
not falling into types ab or c tend to have the worst outcomes.
L = this suggests that the ss measures something real and meaningful in a babies
development.
who did the key research for cultural variation on attachment?
{{ANS}}- van ijzendoorn and kroonenberg 1988
what did van ijzendoorn and kroonenberg do?
{{ANS}}they did a meta analysis of ss data from 32 studiesin 8 countries (approx 2000
infants)
what did van ijzendoorn and kroonenberg find?
{{ANS}}they found differences within cultures in the distribution of types A,B,C
- wide variation in proportions of attachment types in different studies
- type B was most common cross culturally
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