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Philosophy 1100 - Introduction to Ethics Lecture 1
- Introduction - Part 1
I. Introductory Material: Critical Thinking, Meta-Ethics, Philosophy, and Religion
An Overview of the Introductory Material:
The Main Topics
● The Origin of Philosophy
● Ethics as a Branch of Philosophy
● The Nature of Philosophy
● The Nature of Ethics
● Meta-Ethics and Normative Ethics
● The Focus in this Course
● How Might this Approach Possibly Work?
An Overview of the Introductory Material: The Main Topics
● The Socratic Challenge and the Unexamined Life
● A few Important Beliefs about the Nature of the World
● Might Some of Your Most Important Beliefs at any point Be False?
● The Relation among God and Objective Moral Values
● Are There Revealed Truths?
Question 1
How much openness to philosophy have you had?
A. I haven't actually been presented to philosophy to any degree.
B. I've heard a little about philosophy, or I've perused a couple of things composed by
logicians.
C. I've had one philosophy course, either in secondary everyday schedule.
D. I've had a couple of philosophy courses.
E. I could show this class.
The Origin of Philosophy
Philosophy started in Greek society, during a period when science started, when there were
exceptionally incredible revelations and advances without a doubt in arithmetic,
accomplished by individuals like Pythagoras (569?- 500? B.C.), Zeno (495-435 B.C.),
Eudoxus (408-355 B.C.), Euclid (330?- 275? B.C.), and Archimedes (287-212 B.C.), and
when a vote based system likewise began.
The Three Greatest Greek Philosophers Socrates (469-399 B.C.)
Socrates didn't himself compose anything. He addressed individuals, raising philosophical
issues, particularly about the nature of easy streets. He was accused of not regarding the
divine beings, and with undermining the youthful, and he was condemned to death. He
kicked the bucket by drinking hemlock. He was Plato's educator, and our insight into
Socrates depends essentially upon Plato's discourses, particularly the early, 'Socratic' ones.
Plato (426-347 B.C.)
, Plato composed numerous discourses . In every one of them his instructor, Socrates, was
the focal figure. The early exchanges center upon ethics, and are by and large remembered
to give Socrates' very own precise record. In later exchanges, nonetheless, the figure of
Socrates turns into a representative for Plato, and the scope of philosophical conversation is
extraordinarily extended: as opposed to zeroing in essentially on moral inquiries, later
discoursed address topics in mysticism, in principle of information, in philosophy of brain, in
rationale and philosophy of language, and in friendly and political hypothesis.
Aristotle (384-322 B.C.)
Aristotle was an understudy of Plato, and like Plato, he had an exceptionally impressive
interest in ethics, and in friendly and political philosophy. (Legislative issues and the
Nicomachean Ethics.) Like Plato, be that as it may, Aristotle was keen on all of philosophy.
Accordingly he expounded on the nature of the brain (or soul); he expounded on information
and sense discernment; he resolved inquiries in power about a definitive nature of the world,
and the presence of a central player.
Aristotle additionally researched rationale in an exceptionally orderly manner, and he
fostered a hypothesis of what are called syllogistic contentions that recognized those
contentions that are legitimately right (or substantial) and those that are not. This hypothesis
persevered for north of 2100 years, with not many critical advances being made until all the
way into the nineteenth 100 years.
The Future Development of Logic
Huge commitments to the improvement in rationale were made in the nineteenth hundred
years by George Boole (1815-1864), and by Augustus De Morgan. The extraordinary
change in rationale was made, notwithstanding, by Gottlob Frege (1848-1925), who, with the
distribution of his Begriffschrift in created "the main truly exhaustive arrangement of formal
rationale," and a framework that went a long ways past Aristotle's syllogistic rationale.)
William Kneale and Martha Kneale, The Development of Logic (Oxford: Clarendon Press,
1962), p. 510.
Aristotle (384-322 B.C.) - Continued
Aristotle's inclinations were, be that as it may, significantly more extensive than Plato's, since
Aristotle was likewise exceptionally intrigued by science - explicitly, the two physical
sciences and science. On account of science, it likely could be that Aristotle analyzed a
larger number of types of living things than anybody until the hour of Charles Darwin.
(Aristotle's most well known understudy was not a scholar, but rather a general and ruler -
Alexander the Great - who voyaged an incredible arrangement, and who either brought back
examples of creatures from different terrains - including numerous marine creatures - or
probably furnished Aristotle with definite reports of perceptions of creatures made by others.)
At last, on account of material science, Aristotle's perspectives totally ruled the scholarly
scene for north of 1800 years, until the hour of Galileo (1564-1642).
2. Ethics as a Branch of Philosophy
As one can see from the abovementioned, ethics, as a part of philosophy, is definitely not
another discipline: it started with Socrates, quite a while back, and it was one of the focal
interests of the two other Greek logicians who are by and large viewed as two of the best
rationalists who have at any point lived - Plato and Aristotle.
This turn of events, also, addressed a gigantic break with what had existed already. For,
before Socrates, ethics was constantly connected with religion, with moral principles being
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