ZOO 3731 Final Exam- Florida International University
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Intro 2/3/15 12:24 AM
An introduction to Anatomy
The Study of internal and external structures and the physical
relationships between the parts. Physiology is the function of these
structures. Structure determines function. Example : Nasal conchae ridges
cause turbulence making the air swirl and raise in temperature.
Superficial anatomy consist of anatomical landmarks and correct
directional terms that help in understanding the underlying structures.
Abdominopelvic quadrants,- RUQ, RLQ, LLQ, LUQ
Right Upper Quadrant- Right Lobe of Liver, Gallbladder, right kidney,
portions of the stomach, small and large intestine.
Right Lower Quadrant- Cecum, appendix, portions of the small
intestine, reproductive organs, right ovary (Female) Right spermatic cord
(male) Right ureter
Left Upper Quadrant- Left side of the liver, Stomach, pancreas, left
kidney, spleen, and portions of the large intestine.
Left Lower Quadrant- Most of the small intestine portions of the
large intestine, left ureter and reproductive organs, Left ovary, left spermatic
cord.
Anatomical directions- Anterior, Posterior, Proximal, Distal, Caudal,
Cephalic, Superficial, Deep, Lateral, Medial
● Supine- lying face up
● Prone- lying face down
Sectional Anatomy- Body planes. Frontal plane splits body into
anterior and posterior sections, Sagittal splits body into Right and Left
portions. Transverse plane splits body into Top and bottom portions
Body Cavities-
Thoracic cavity. Lungs and heart are present- above diaphragm
Abdminopelvic cavity- contains all major digestive organs. Both
cavities are separated by the diaphragm.
Cavities are lined by a connective tissue. Visceral side is closer to the
structure. Parietal is the outer lining of the connective tissue.
Microscopic anatomy-Structures that can not be seen without
magnification. Cytology-cells and Histology-groups of cells=TISSUE. Aka Fine
Anatomy- use Light/electron microscope
Gross anatomy is structures that are visible to the unaided eye.
Surface, Regional, and Systemic
Elemental composition of the body - Hydrogen 62%, Oxygen 25%,
Carbon 10%, Nitrogen 1.5%. Molecular Comp. Water 66%, Lipids 10%, 20%
proteins, 3% Carbohydrates.
Levels of Organization – Cells, Tissues, Organs, Organ Systems (11)
Responsiveness or irritability – Responses to changes in the
environment or equilibrium. Adaptability is a long term response
Growth- Increase in the number of cells or increase the size of the cells
, Differentiation- Cells differentiate into various cells with specific
functions
Reproduction- Creation of subsequent generations of their cells
Movement- Internal movement of food, oxygen, nutrients etc., External
movement is moving from one environment to the other
Metabolism- two types are Anabolism is the formation of a compound
from smaller compounds and catabolism is the process of breaking down a
compound to smaller structures
Absorption- Bringing things into your body
Excretion
Homeostasis is the maintenance of a constant internal environment
suitable for the survival of body cells and tissues
Chapter 3 - Tissues
- Four types of tissue – Epithelial (Skin, Glandular secretion) Connective
Tissue (fills space between tissues) Muscle tissue and nervous tissue. All
tissues come from single cells that differentiate.
200 Types of cells, But the body contains 3 trillion cells
Epethelia- covers exposed surfaces or lines internal cavity passageways.
Also become glands that secret substance such as oil or mucus.
Review cellularity, Polarity, attachment, avascularity, Arranged sheets or
layers, Regeneration.
Functions of Epithelia – Provide Physical protection from external
environment or internal surfaces exposed to harmful substances.
Permeability – Controls, Modifies and regulates what goes in and out of the
cell. The smaller the molecules the more permeable they are.
Sensation – Contains specific cells responsible for sensations such as touch,
pressure.
Secretion – Glandular cells
Apical surface exposed to the external environment. Basal surface to
internal.
Apical surface sometimes covered with microvilli, stereocilia and are called
ciliated epithelia.
Cilia Responsible for moving particles across the tissue. Example in the
respiratory tract.
Microvilli increases surface area by at least 20 times in regions where
absorption is needed such as the intestine. Also important in secretion.
Found also in urinary tract and digestive system.
Characteristics of epithelia include intercellular junctions, basal lamina
attachment and maintenance and renewal
Epithelial cells are held close together by intercellular connections such as,
Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs), Proteoglycans.
,Basal lamina attaches epithelia to the connective tissue. The two layers are
the clear layer and the dense layer.
Clear layer made up of glycoproteins and microfilaments
Dense layer contains proteinfilaments
Epithelia is self perpetuated. They contain stem cells
Simple epithelium means only one cell layer. Stratified means 2 or more cell
layers.
Shapes of epithelia- Squamous (flat or squashed) ** Add Locations and
Functions
Cuboidal (Square like shaped)**
Columnar (column like shapes) Contains microvilli**.
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelia. Looks multilayered but it is only
one. Found in the respiratory system.**
Transitional epithelium- Permits expansion and recoil. Found in the urinary
bladders, renal pelvis and ureters. **
Glandular Epithelial cells
Exocrine glands- discharge their secretions onto an epithelial surface
Endocrine Glands – Ductile glands that release their secretion directly into
the interstitial fluids, lymph, or blood.
Can be classified by the types of secretion (mucins, enzymes, water, or
waste)
Structure of cells Unicellular or multicellular.
Mode of secretion
The submandibular salivary gland is a mixed gland that secretes both
serous and mucous secretions. The parotid gland secretes only serous
and the sublingual one secrets mucus.
Simple or compound glands relative to the number of ducts present
within the gland.
Simple glands contain only one duct and compound glands contain more
than one.
{Modes of secretions}
Merocrine-Exocytosis just releases the contents to the outside environment,
very simple, release it outside, sweat glands, globlets cells
Apocrine-breast- product milk, tip of the cell, secretory vessel,, avical part,
gets release to the outside, tore apart, regenerate, grows, to release again
- the apical part of the cell is released from the cell to then release its
contents. Apical part of the cell that is released is then regenerated.
, Holocrine- Cells produce secretion and increase in size eventually causing
the membrane to burst and releases its contents. Stem cells regenerate and
replace dead cells
Connective tissue
Never exposed to the outside of the body
Includes Bone, Fat, Blood
Components of Connective tissue include. Specialized cells, extracellular
protein fibers and ground substance.
Matrix is made up of both ground substance and extracellular protein fibers.
Cell types in connective tissue
Fibroblasts – Produce fibers
Macrophages – seek and destroy pathogens
Mast cells – Stimulates local inflammation in attempts to recruit more cells
for healing
Lymphocytes – Produce T cells part of the immune system that fight
pathogens
Neutrophils/ eosinophils – Phagocytic blood cells recruited during injury to rid
debree
Melanocytes – produce melanin
Adipocytes – Stores lipids used for energy.
Functions of connective tissue
Establishing a structural framework for the body
Transporting fluids and dissolved materials from one region of the body to
another
Providing protection for delicate organs
Supporting surrounding tissues, and interconnecting tissue types
Storing energy reserves especially in the form of lipids
Defending the body from
Classifications of connective tissue
Fluid connective tissue composed of blood and lymph
Supporting connective tissues consist of bone and cartilage.
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