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Detailed notes on the reign of King Henry II

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  • May 15, 2022
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  • 2021/2022
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HENRY II’S REFORMS-
The Assize of Clarendon, 1166
Made testifying under oath a regular ‘ting
Placed all law under royal authority. The “Curia Regis”/royal court superseded the Baronial and
Ecclesiastical courts
Intro’d juried of presentment- 12 men telling the local sheri about crimes
Increased sheri powers to pursue any felon onto a lord’s lands. This also made the creation of
“mini kingdoms’’ impossible (lords had less power)
Sent Richard De Lucy on a General Eyre of the country.

Other issues- Novel Desseisin- 1176
Assuring all free men could sue in the royal
court to recover land

Mort d’Ancestor- 1176
Dealing with the issues of inheritance




Cartae Baronum, 1166
Appointed royal justices to track down losses from royal estates
Established and collected all feudal dues, helping restore the authority of the crown
Surveying all tenants In chief and how many knights were owed for service- servitude debtum
How much land a knight held/knight’s fee
How many knights were not enfoe ed- holding land not for service but something else like
money

Actions against the Barons
Took back lands taken from the crown during Stephen’s reign/the Anarchy, sometimes by force.
This established him as the feudal overlord
Gave the lands back only under his authority- shows he’s in charge
Destroyed “adulterine” castles, only keeping a few, strategically important ones.

Inquest of Sheri s, 1170
An inquest looking into over powerful sheri s
Replaced 22 of 29 sheri s
Replaced corrupt sheri s with loyal, royal o cials

Economic reforms-
• The Danegeld. An ancient tax levied at 2 shillings per hide (land)
• Tallage. A new tax introduced by Henry to tax royal lands.
• Henry also seized lost royal estates from nobles
• Bishop Nigel of Ely helped increase exchequer e ciency. Also sent senior ministers to
personally hold sheri doms and ensure they produced revenues
• Richard Fitz Nigel. Wrote the “dialogue of the exchequer” in the late 1170s standardised
procedures, audited accounts, role of o cials. Increased crown control
• Recoinages- 1158 and 1180
• In 1176, made counterfeiting a crime punishable by death
• decreased overall number of mints to increase control.
• Centralised all moneyers
• New mints in Scotland and Durham In 1154- 47 mints

In 1158- 29 mints




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, HENRY’S EMPIRE-

Normandy-
Made duke of Normandy by 1150 via inheritance
Organised into Vicountes, overseen by Henry’s chosen barons
established an exchequer by 1166 and an organised bureaucracy to keep power.

Anjou, Maine, Touraine-
In 1156, Geo rey (Henry’s brother) rebelled against Henry.
Claimed father had given these areas to him.
Attacked Normandy.
So in 1156, Henry paid homage to Louis VII, gaining his favour.
Henry then took Geo rey’s castles of Chinon, Mirabeau and Loudon.
Geo rey eventually submitted to Henry and received a pension.

The Vexin (and the Ile de France)-
In 1158-60.
Henry’s son was betrothed to Louis’s daughter Margaret.
The vexin, a small but strategically important area, was part of the dowry.
BUT- Henry couldn’t wait, so with the blessing of Pope Alexander III, he invaded it.

In 1167, Henry was laying waste to the rebellious Baron of Auvergne.
Henry seized Louis’ arsenal at Chaumonte and burnt it.
Henry was against a war (due to the Great Rebellion), but Scotland and Wales supported France.
He attacked Louis’ vassals in Normandy and initiated a scorched-earth policy.
Eventually Louis sued for peace at Montrimail in 1169.

Brittany-
Came into dispute in 1156 between two nobles-
Hoel of Nantes
Bertha/Eudo of Rennes
Hoel took Nantes and its citizens appealed to Henry. (Bertha’s First husband was Alan of
Richmond. He had a son, Conan)
With Henry’s permission, Conan fought Eudo and took Rennes.
Henry expelled Hoel and replaced him with his brother, Geo rey.
BUT- Geo rey died in 1158 and Conan took the lands back.
Henry formed a marriage alliance with Louis VII and was made La Seneschal and eventually took
Brittany.

Aquitaine-
In 1152, Henry married Elenor of Aquitaine.
Elenor inherited it from her father, William X of Aquitaine.
Henry tried to restore authority to the Dukedoms of Aquitaine, Berry, Auvergne.
Toulouse was a major target as very wealthy and strategic position.
Took it in June 1159.





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