nursing anatomy and physiology bio 110 module 4 study guide latest 2022
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Anatomy and Physiology Bio 110
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Outline: Module 4
Topic: Respiratory System
Readings: Martini & Nath Chapters 23
Labs: Allen & Harper 32-33
Learning Objectives:
1) Describe the primary functions of the respiratory system.
- Providing an extensive surface area for gas exchange between air and
circulating blood
- Moving air to and from the exchange surfaces of the lungs along the
respiratory passageways
- Protecting respiratory surfaces from dehydration, temperature changes, or
other environmental variations, and defending the respiratory system and
other tissues from invasion by pathogens
- Producing sounds involved in speaking, singing, and other forms of
communication
- Facilitating the detection of olfactory stimuli by olfactory receptors in the
superior portions of the nasal cavity
- In addition, the capillaries of the lungs indirectly assist in the regulation of
blood volume and blood pressure through the conversion of angiotensin I to
angiotensin II
2) Explain how the delicate respiratory exchange surfaces are protected from
pathogens, debris, and other hazards.
- Mucous cells and mucous glands: Produce mucus that bathes exposed
surfaces
- Cilia: Sweep debris trapped in mucus toward the pharynx (mucus escalator)
- Filtration in nasal cavity removes large particles
- Alveolar macrophages engulf small particles that reach
lungs
3) Identify the organs of the upper respiratory system and describe their functions.
- The upper respiratory system consists of the nose, nasal cavity, paranasal
sinuses, and the pharynx. Theses passageways filter, warm, and humidify
incoming air – protecting the more delicate surfaces of the lower respiratory
system – and cool and dehumidify outgoing air
4) Describe the location, structure, and function of each of the following: nose,
paranasal sinuses, and pharynx.
- Nose: the nose is divided into two divisions- the external nose which is
formed by hyaline cartilage and bones of the skull, and the nasal cavity which
is entirely within the skull. The nose is the primary passageway for air
entering the respiratory system. The nose provides an airway for respiration,
, moistens, warms, filters, and cleans incoming air, provides a resonance
chambers for speech, and houses olfactory receptors.
- Nasal cavity: posterior to the external nose and is divided along the midline
by a nasal septum, ending at the pharynx forming two openings the choanae.
Lined with two types of mucous membranes: olfactory mucosa- receptors for
smell, and respiratory mucosa- mucus production
- Paranasal sinuses: mucous lined, air filled cavities in cranial bones
surrounding the nasal cavity. The function of the paranasal sinuses are the
same as the nasal cavity and to also lighten the skull.
- Pharynx: located at the base of the skull to C6. Connects the nasal cavity and
mouth superiorly to the larynx and esophagus inferiorly to the oral cavity.
The pharynx has 3 subdivisions: 1. the nasopharynx which serves as only an
air passageway and contains the pharyngeal tonsil, which traps and destroys
airborne pathogens, 2. The oropharynx is an air and food passageway that
extends inferiorly from the levels of the soft palate to the epiglottis and
houses the palatine and lingual tonsils, 3. The laryngopharynx is an air and
food passageway that lies directly posterior to the epiglottis, extends to the
larynx, and is continuous inferiorly with the esophagus.
5) List and describe several protective mechanisms of the respiratory system.
- Along much of the length of the respiratory tract, mucous cells in the
epithelium and mucous glands in the lamina propria produce a sticky mucus
that bates exposed surfaces. In the nasal cavity cilia sweep that mucus and
any trapped debris or microorganisms toward the pharynx where it will be
swallowed and exposed to the acids and enzymes of the stomach. In the
lower respiratory system, the cilia also beat toward the pharynx moving a
carpet of mucus in that direction and cleaning the respiratory surfaces. This
process is referred to as a mucus escalator.
- Sneeze - The nasal mucosa is richly supplied with sensory nerve endings, and
contact with irritating particles (dust, pollen, and the like) triggers a sneeze
reflex. The sneeze forces air outward in a violent burst.
- Air Turbulence - Nasal conchae causes air turbulence which swirls the air
around forcing the non-gas particles to stick the mucous
- Uvula - During swallowing, the soft palate and its pendulous uvula move
superiorly an action that closes off the nasopharynx and prevents food from
entering the nasal cavity.
6) Describe the structure of the larynx and discuss its role in normal breathing and
in the production of sound.
- The larynx is a cartilaginous structure that surrounds and protects the glottis
(the vocal cords and the split between them), attaches superiorly to the hyoid
bone, opening into the laryngopharynx and attaches inferiorly to the trachea.
- The larynx provides an open airway, routes food and air into the proper
passageways. And produces sound through the vocal cords.
- Three large unpaired cartilages form the larynx: 1. Thyroid cartilage (shield
shaped) 2. Cricoid cartilage (ring shaped) 3. Epiglottis (shoehorn shape). And
, three pairs of smaller hyaline cartilages: 1. Arytenoid cartilage (ladle shaped)
2. Corniculate cartilage (horn shaped) 3. Cuneiform cartilage wedge shaped)
- The epiglottis is designed to close off the larynx during swallowing to prevent
food or liquids from entering the airways.
- The larynx houses vocal ligaments that form the true vocal cords, which
vibrate as air passes over them to produce sound. The vocal folds and the
medial space between them are called the glottis.
- Voice production involves the intermittent release of expired air and the
opening and closing of the glottis. 1. As length and tension of the vocal folds
changes pitch and the voice varies, generally as tension increases pitch
becomes higher, 2. Loudness of the voice is determined by the force of the air
forced over the vocal folds.
- Air passing through the glottis vibrates the vocal folds and produces sound
waves. The sound produced is varied by tension on the vocal folds, and on
voluntary muscles that position the arytenoid cartilage relative to the thyroid
cartilage.
- Sound production at the larynx is called phonation, which along with
articulation (modification of sound by other structures) produces speech.
7) Discuss the structure of the airways outside the lungs.
- The trachea or “windpipe” extends from the cricoid cartilage into the
mediastinum where it branches into the right and left pulmonary bronchi.
The mucosa of the trachea resembles that of the nasal cavity and
nasopharynx (other tubular body structures) consisting of a mucosa,
submucosa, and adventitia. Beneath the mucosa, the tracheas submucosa
contains mucous glands that communicate with the epithelial surface
through a number of secretory ducts.
The trachea has 15-20 tracheal cartilages that strengthen and protect the
airway. The tracheal cartilages are discontinuous on the posterior side,
where the trachea contacts the esophagus. An elastic ligament and the
trachealis muscle connect the ends of each tracheal cartilage.
- The trachea branches within the mediastinum, giving rise to the right and left
Primary Bronchi. An internal ridge called the carina separates the two
bronchi. The right primary bronchus supplies the right lung and the left
supplies the left lung.
The right primary bronchus is larger in diameter than the left, and
descends at a steeper angle. Thus, most foreign objects that enter the
trachea find their way into the right bronchus rather than the left.
Each primary bronchus travels to a groove (the hilum) along the medial
surface of its lung, where pulmonary nerves, blood vessels and lymphatics
enter, anchored in a meshwork of connective tissue. This complex, called
the root of the lung, is anchored to the mediastinum.
8) Describe the superficial anatomy of the lungs, the structure of a pulmonary
lobule, and the functional anatomy of alveoli.
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