Evolution and Genetics Task 3: Genes, Adaptation and Natural Selection
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Course
Evolution And Genetics (IPN1030)
Institution
Maastricht University (UM)
It is the summary of Task 3 . It has all the notes from the mandatory literature textbooks (Nettle, Campbell).
It also includes the summary of the mandatory articles:
1) Schmitt, Evaluating evidence of psychological adaptation –How do we know one when we see one?
2) Faurie, C., & Raym...
- widely used in psychological sci- ence—such as parenting, social support, and life events— can be
treated as dependent measures in genetic analyses.
- humans select, modify, and create environ- ments correlated with their genetic behavioral
propensi- ties such as personality and psychopathology
Finding 8. Most associations between environmental measures and psychological
traits are significantly mediated genetically
Finding 9. Most environmental effects are not shared by children growing up in the
same family
- for most behavioral dimensions and disorders, it is genetics that accounts for similarity among
sibling
- The message is not that family expe- riences are unimportant but rather that the relevant expe-
riences are specific to each child in the family.
Finding 10. Abnormal is normal
TASK 3:
NETTLE CH4:
COMPETITION:
Populations could potentially grow exponentially, but in practice cannot do so, and therefore
must be limited by incomplete survival and/or reproduction.
This means that there is competition between members of the same population to be in that
fraction which manages to survive and reproduce.
Under exponential growth,the population would explode very quickly.
- Mortality and unable to reproduce offspring prevent exponential growth.
, Reproductive success is the number of viable descendants produced. It is obviously zero for
any cat that dies at birth or in kittenhood. bateman
If p=0.1 It means 10% of generation alleles are A, 90% is a.
The fitness of an allele is the number of copies in the next generation that a copy in this
generation leaves.
- It depends on the reproductive success of the species.
NATURAL SELECTION
Natural selection changes allele frequencies, increasing the frequency of those alleles with
high fitness and decreasing the frequencies of and ultimately eliminating alternative alleles
with low frequencies.
All selection can do is to change the frequencies of alleles that do happen to arise, it cannot
create new alleles.
Natural Selection: A process in which individuals with certain inherited traits leave more
offspring than individuals with other traits
- NS is a process in which individuals that have certain heritable characteristics
survive and reproduce at a higher rate than other individuals.
- Over time, NS can increase the match between organisms and their environment
- If an environment changes, NS may result in adaptation to these new conditions,
sometimes giving rise to new species in the process
- Individuals do not evolve; it is the population that evolves over time.
- NS can only amplify or diminish the heritable traits.
5.2. Selection and Variation:
Mutation = new variations into population
Selection = reducing variation
- The amount of genetic variation in a characteristic in a population will be the resultant
of the 2 forces: mutation, and selection.
5 mechanisms for selection & variation TO MAINTAIN GENETIC VARIABILITY:
1) Heterozygote Advantage:
The situation where individuals with one copy of a particular allele have higher fitness than
individuals with either no copies or two copies.
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