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Samenvatting Internationale Organisaties - Prof. dr. Ann Pauwels
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Volledige samenvatting van het vak Grondige Studie van het Recht van Internationale Organisaties, gegeven door Prof. dr. Ann Pauwels.
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GRONDIGE STUDIE VAN HET RECHT VANDE INTERNATIONALE ORGANISATIES
Prof. Dr. Ann Pauwels
Academiejaar 2021-2022
, INHOUDSTAFEL
Module 1: Begripsomschrijving io’s ................................................................................... 5
Inhoud van de cursus + examen .................................................................................................. 5
Begripsomschrijving: internationale organisaties ........................................................................ 5
Gemeenschappelijke kenmerken .................................................................................................................. 5
Definitie ......................................................................................................................................................... 6
Uitzonderingen.............................................................................................................................................. 6
Soorten internationale organisaties ............................................................................................ 6
Open vs gesloten io’s .................................................................................................................................... 6
Supranationale vs intergouvernmentele IO’s ............................................................................................... 7
Algemene vs functionele io’s ........................................................................................................................ 9
Historisch overzicht internationale organisaties .......................................................................... 9
Module 2: Lidmaatschap van IO’s .................................................................................... 11
Gewoon, volwaardig lidmaatschap ........................................................................................... 11
Wie kan lid worden van IO’s?...................................................................................................................... 11
Aanvang van het lidmaatschap ................................................................................................................... 13
Oprichting van nieuwe staten ..................................................................................................................... 16
Einde van het lidmaatschap ........................................................................................................................ 18
Geassocieerd lidmaatschap....................................................................................................... 24
Gedeeltelijk lidmaatschap......................................................................................................... 24
Waarnemers ............................................................................................................................. 24
Schorsing .................................................................................................................................. 25
Module 3: IO’s en het Verdragenverdrag ......................................................................... 27
3 soorten verdragen ................................................................................................................. 27
Reserves ................................................................................................................................... 27
Amendering van de constitutie ................................................................................................. 29
Amendering voorzien in de constitutie ....................................................................................................... 29
Amendering niet voorzien in de constitutie ................................................................................................ 30
Interpretatie van een constitutie .............................................................................................. 32
Methodes van interpretatie ........................................................................................................................ 32
Wie is bevoegd om interpretatie te geven? ................................................................................................ 33
Terugtrekking ........................................................................................................................... 33
Conclusie .................................................................................................................................. 34
Module 4: Bevoegdheden van IO’s................................................................................... 35
Attributiebeginsel: attributie van bevoegdheden aan io’s ......................................................... 35
Domestic jurisdiction clause (VN) ............................................................................................................... 35
Subsidiariteitsbeginsel (EU)......................................................................................................................... 36
Attributie van bevoegdheden aan organen van IO’s .................................................................................. 36
2
, Theorie van implied powers ...................................................................................................... 36
In de praktijk ............................................................................................................................................... 37
Inherente bevoegdheden? ........................................................................................................ 39
Jaren ’90: theorie van implied powers onder druk?................................................................... 39
Tijd voor een nieuwe benadering?.............................................................................................................. 40
Module 5: Besluitvorming in IO’s ..................................................................................... 42
Initiatiefrecht............................................................................................................................ 42
Lidstaten...................................................................................................................................................... 42
Organen van internationale organisaties .................................................................................................... 42
IO’s bij andere IO’s ...................................................................................................................................... 43
Belangengroepen ........................................................................................................................................ 43
Aannemen van besluiten (stemmingsprocedures)..................................................................... 43
Bij eenparigheid (unanimiteit) .................................................................................................................... 43
Bij consensus ............................................................................................................................................... 43
Bij (een vorm van) meerderheid ................................................................................................................. 44
Module 6: Besluiten van IO’s ........................................................................................... 46
Handelingen m.b.t. interne aangelegenheden .......................................................................... 46
Operationele handelingen ........................................................................................................ 46
Uitzondering: bindende operationele handelingen .................................................................................... 47
Module 7: Rechtspersoonlijkheid van IO’s........................................................................ 49
Internationale rechtspersoonlijkheid ........................................................................................ 49
Aansprakelijkheid van IO’s .......................................................................................................................... 50
Rechtspersoonlijkheid naar nationaal recht .............................................................................. 51
Module 8: Privileges en immuniteiten van IO’s ................................................................ 52
Instrumenten ............................................................................................................................ 52
Constituties (oprichtingsverdrag)................................................................................................................ 52
Verdragen.................................................................................................................................................... 52
Nationale wetgeving ................................................................................................................................... 53
Privileges en immuniteiten van IO’s en hun personeel .............................................................. 53
Immuniteit is functioneel ............................................................................................................................ 53
Immuniteit van jurisdictie: basisbeginsel .................................................................................................... 53
Immuniteit van executie ............................................................................................................................. 54
Onschendbaarheid van gebouwen en archieven ........................................................................................ 54
Vrijstelling van directe belastingen, douanerechten en alle andere invoer- en uitvoerbeperkingen ......... 54
Vrijheid van communicatiemiddelen en bewegingsvrijheid ....................................................................... 54
Privileges en immuniteiten van personeel IO ............................................................................................. 55
Module 9: Financiering van IO’s....................................................................................... 56
Verplichte contributies ............................................................................................................. 56
Gelijke bijdragen ......................................................................................................................................... 56
Facultatieve groepen van bijdragen ............................................................................................................ 56
3
, Bijdrage gebaseerd op verdeelsleutel ......................................................................................................... 56
Niet nakomen van financiële verplichtingen............................................................................................... 57
Vrijwillige bijdragen en giften ................................................................................................... 58
Eigen inkomsten: self-financing ................................................................................................ 58
Module 10: Internationale bescherming van de rechten van de mens .............................. 59
Internationale organisatie: verenigde naties ............................................................................. 59
Bevorderen vd eerbiediging vd mensenrechten: doelstelling vn................................................................ 59
Commissie voor de rechten vd mens (1946, Art. 68) .................................................................................. 60
Universal Declaration for Human Rights (1948).......................................................................................... 61
Toezichtsmechanismen ............................................................................................................................... 63
Niet-verdragsmatige toezichtsmechanismen ............................................................................................. 68
Conclusie ..................................................................................................................................................... 72
Regionale organisatie: Raad van Europa ................................................................................... 72
Institutionele aspecten ............................................................................................................................... 72
Werking vd raad van europa ....................................................................................................................... 74
Raad van Europa en bescherming vd mensenrechten ................................................................................ 75
Module 11: Regulering van de internationale handel ...................................................... 86
Wereldhandelsorganisatie ........................................................................................................ 86
Institutionele aspecten ............................................................................................................................... 86
Regulering vd internationale handel door de WTO .................................................................................... 90
Examen ......................................................................................................................... 100
4
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