History I Practice milestone US 4

Place the events in the correct chronological order. 1. 2. 3. ● a. Following border disputes, Congress declared war on Mexico ● b. The United States formally annexed Texas. ● c. Thousands of people flocked to California in search of gold RATIONALE Sectional tensions over slavery increased as the nation expanded westward. This process began in earnest after Congress annexed Texas in 1845, and intensified after Congress declared war on Mexico in 1846. At the war's end, the U.S. acquired land from Mexico stretching from Texas to California. When gold was discovered in California in 1848, the rapid influx of settlers prompted California to apply for statehood as a free state, which once again threatened to upset the sectional balance in Congress. CONCEPT The Dilemma of the West The Compromise of 1850 A House Divided: Crises of the 1850s 2 Consider the painting Westward the Course of Empire Takes Its Way, completed by Emanuel Leutze in 1861, and how it represents core ideas behind manifest destiny. Choose the statement that does NOT reflect an element of manifest destiny. RATIONALE Manifest destiny, or the idea that white Americans had a calling and a duty to seize and settle in western North America, contained three elements at its core: a belief in White superiority, a belief that westward expansion would guarantee the survival of the United States by providing economic opportunities for American settlers, and the belief that western settlement was part of God's divine plan for the United States. CONCEPT Think About It: What Were Some Responses to Slavery? 3 Consider the sketch published in Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper in 1867. This sketch, captioned “Selling a freedman to pay his fine, at Monticello, Florida,” displays an example of . RATIONALE In 1865 and 1866, new southern governments enacted a series of laws known as the Black Codes. These laws were designed to maintain white supremacy by regulating the lives of former slaves. The Black Codes contained labor laws, such as the requirement that freed slaves sign annual labor contracts with a single employer. The black man depicted in this image was likely someone who was unable to or refused to sign a labor contract, and the white men represent individuals willing to pay his fine in exchange for his (unpaid) labor. CONCEPT Reconstructing the South 4 All of the following contributed to the end of Reconstruction except . RATIONALE Reconstruction ultimately ended in the South due to a variety of pressures, including terror campaigns by white supremacist organizations like the KKK, northern opposition to continued Reconstruction efforts, the success of "redeemers" in reestablishing southern state governments under the Democratic Party, and the Compromise of 1877, which awarded the presidency to Republican Rutherford B. Hayes in exchange for concessions to the South. The Compromise of 1877 represented the end of any substantive involvement on the part of the federal government in Southern politics. CONCEPT The Collapse of the Reconstruction 5 Read the excerpt from John C. Calhoun, written in 1828 in response to the enactment of a new federal tariff. “If it be conceded, as it must be by every one who is the least conversant with our institutions, that the sovereign powers delegated are divided between the General [Federal] and State Governments, and that the latter hold their portion by the same tenure as the former, it would seem impossible to deny to the States the right of deciding on the infractions of their powers, and the proper remedy to be applied for their correction. . . “ Calhoun is arguing for . RATIONALE In this selection, Calhoun is arguing for the rights of states to nullify (disavow or refuse to enforce) federal laws that appear to be contrary to their interests or invasive of their sovereignty. Calhoun was one of the most vocal proponents of states' rights and state sovereignty in the early 19th century, and was motivated in part by the desire to protect the interests of southern slave owners. CONCEPT Slavery in the United States in the 19th Century 6 Controversies in the 1850s resulted in a political change in America – the end of the second party system. By 1854, a new political party emerged focused on limiting the spread of (A) into (B) . A slavery democracy abolitionism B Kansas and Nebraska western territories the North RATIONALE The second party system (comprised of the Whigs and Democrats) dissolved in the 1850s under the pressures of the slavery question. Northern Whigs, some northern Democrats, members of the Free Soil Party, and assorted abolitionists formed a new political coalition called the Republican Party in 1854. The Republican Party was dedicated to preventing the spread of slavery into the western territories. CONCEPT A House Divided: Crises of the 1850s 7 Choose the statement that is NOT reflective of militant abolitionism. RATIONALE Militant abolitionism differed from earlier antislavery movements in that it advocated for the complete and immediate elimination of slavery from the United States, rather than for gradual emancipation or containing slavery in the South. Its opposition to slavery was moral in nature, and many abolitionists were inspired by the spiritual fervor of the Second Great Awakening. Most abolitionists also rejected the relocation of freed slaves to Africa or the Caribbean, instead arguing that freed slaves should have the right to become citizens of equal standing in the United States. CONCEPT The Abolitionist Movement 8 Choose True if the statement reveals a belief of the people who gathered at Seneca Falls in 1848, and choose False if it does not. Women see parallels between their secondary status and that of African Americans This is our country’s first convention devoted to the discussion of women’s rights Because women are spiritual leaders within the home, they should replace men as ministers RATIONALE The Seneca Falls Convention was the first American conference on women’s rights. It was organized by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott, both of whom were active in abolitionism and saw parallels between the unequal status of women and blacks in American society. The Convention published a “Declaration of Rights and Sentiments” that issued a call for women's rights, including the right to vote, but it did not advocate for women to displace men in the ministry or any other profession or position of leadership. CONCEPT Women's Activism in the Early 19th Century 9 One component of the Compromise of 1850 was a ban on the slave trade in (A) . A Washington, D.C. the New Mexico territory the North New York City RATIONALE The Compromise of 1850 included a provision that banned the slave trade, although not the practice of slavery, in Washington D.C. CONCEPT The Compromise of 1850 10 Choose the ideology that was most influential on Abraham Lincoln’s views on slavery before the Civil War. RATIONALE Abraham Lincoln was opposed to slavery, but he was not an abolitionist, meaning that as a politician he did not express the view that the government should put an immediate and complete end to slavery. He believed slavery to be immoral, but he was most influenced by the principles of free labor ideology. For example, he believed that slavery was unjust for depriving blacks the opportunity for self-improvement and because it degraded the dignity and wages of white workers. Moreover, he thought that sectional tensions over slavery limited the nation’s economic potential by distracting the government from economic development and investment in internal improvements. CONCEPT Think About It: Was Lincoln an Abolitionist? 11 Rank the economic or social condition as being affiliated with the North or the South during the Civil War. North South Blockades made it difficult to import or export goods. Government contracts with private companies kept the army supplied. Farms were able to produce enough food to feed and support soldiers Paper money was printed in large quantities and inflation rose The first income tax was imposed to help raise funds to support the war RATIONALE The South struggled to mobilize effectively for the Civil War. The southern government had difficulty financing the war effort as it suffered from the negative economic effects of a naval blockade imposed by the North, and it turned to printing paper money, which led to rampant inflation and economic depression. The North was better able to mobilize and finance the war effort, in part by establishing an income tax. The Union also benefitted from government contracts with major producers of food, weapons, and other needed materials, all of whom were located in the North. Finally, whereas the best land in the South was devoted to raising cotton, farms throughout the North were able to supply civilians and Union troops with abundant foodstuffs. CONCEPT The Civil War 12 Match the term with its definition. Bleeding Sumner Dred Scott decision Bleeding Kansas ● A. violence between pro- and anti-slavery groups in a western territory ● B. an assault on a northern senator who criticized southern slavery ● C. a northern, antislavery political party that formed in 1854 ● D. Congress had no power to impede the expansion of slavery RATIONALE