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Samenvatting geslaagd 1ste zit BIOCHEMIE 1
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Dit is mijn samenvatting (theorie) van Biochemie 1. Samen met aantekeningen van de verschillende cyclussen zou het zeker moeten lukken.
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BiochemieContents
1 coënzymen..........................................................................................................................................5
1.1 definitie en indeling cofactoren....................................................................................................5
1.2 essentiële kationen.......................................................................................................................5
1.3 indeling van de coënzymen..........................................................................................................5
1.4 metaboliet-afgeleide coënzymen.................................................................................................6
1) adenosine-trifosfaat ATP............................................................................................................6
2) S-adenosylmethionine................................................................................................................6
3) Ubiquinone = Coënzyme Q (herkennen)....................................................................................6
4) Lipoamide...................................................................................................................................6
5) Cytochroom a, b en c..................................................................................................................6
1.5 vitamine-afgeleide coënzymen.....................................................................................................6
1) Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide NAD+..................................................................................6
2) Flavine adenine dinucleotide FAD..............................................................................................7
3) Coënzyme A = (HS)-CoA..............................................................................................................7
4) Thiamine pyrofosfaat TPP...........................................................................................................7
5) Pyridoxal fosfaat PLP..................................................................................................................7
6) Biotine (gebonden aan AZ).........................................................................................................7
7) Tetrahydrofolaat.........................................................................................................................7
8) Cobalamine (met cobalt kation).................................................................................................7
9) Vetoplosbare vitaminen A, D, E en K..........................................................................................7
2 metabolisme........................................................................................................................................8
2.1 wat is metabolisme.......................................................................................................................8
2.1.1 basiseigenschappen...............................................................................................................8
2.1.2 metabole wegen....................................................................................................................8
2.1.3 regeling van metabole wegen................................................................................................9
2.2 overzicht van het katabolisme......................................................................................................9
2.3 compartimentalisatie en specialisatie in het metabolisme.........................................................10
2.4 thermodynamica en metabolisme..............................................................................................10
2.4.1 verandering in vrije energie.................................................................................................10
1
, 2.4.2 standaard vrije energie van een reactie...............................................................................11
2.5 metabole rol van ATP.................................................................................................................11
2.6 de vrije energie van ATP.............................................................................................................12
2.7 metabole rol van acetyl-coënzyme A..........................................................................................13
2.8 gereduceerde coënzymen..........................................................................................................13
3 glycolyse............................................................................................................................................14
3.1 situering en principe van de glycolyse........................................................................................14
3.2 opbouw van de glycolyse............................................................................................................14
3.3 detailbespreking van de glycolyse..............................................................................................14
3.3.1 hexokinase...........................................................................................................................14
3.3.2 glucose-6-P isomerase.........................................................................................................15
3.3.3 fosfofructo-kinase-1.............................................................................................................15
3.3.4 aldolase................................................................................................................................15
3.3.5 triose-P-isomerase...............................................................................................................16
3.3.6 glyceraldehyde 3P dehydrogenase......................................................................................16
3.3.7 fosfoglyceraat kinase...........................................................................................................16
3.3.8 fosfoglyceraat mutase.........................................................................................................17
3.3.9 Enolase................................................................................................................................17
3.3.10 pyruvaat kinase..................................................................................................................17
3.4 principe van de regeling van de glycolyse...................................................................................17
3.4.1 verandering in vrije energie tijdens de glycolyse.................................................................17
3.4.2 regeling van de glycolyse.....................................................................................................18
3.5 aansluiting van andere monosacchariden op de glycolyse.........................................................18
3.5.1 fructose................................................................................................................................18
3.5.2 Galactose.............................................................................................................................18
4 krebscyclus = citroenzuurcyclus.........................................................................................................18
4.1 Doel van de krebscyclus..............................................................................................................18
4.2 transport van pyruvaat uit glycolyse naar de krebscyclus..........................................................19
4.3 principe van de krebscyclus........................................................................................................19
4.3.1 voorbereiding: omzetting pyruvaat naar acetyl-CoA...........................................................19
4.3.2 omzetting acetyl-CoA naar oxaalacetaat.............................................................................20
4.4 detailbespreking krebscyclus......................................................................................................21
4.5 controle en regeling van de krebscyclus.....................................................................................22
4.6 de krebscyclus als verzamelpunt van de metabolieten..............................................................22
5 oxidatieve fosforylatie.......................................................................................................................23
5.1 doel en principe vd oxidatieve fosforylatie.................................................................................23
2
, 5.2 de drijvende kracht van de protonengradiënt............................................................................24
5.3 de elektronen transportketen....................................................................................................25
5.4 detailbespreking van de oxidatieve fosforylatie.........................................................................26
5.4.1 complex I.............................................................................................................................26
5.4.2 complex II............................................................................................................................26
5.4.3 complex III...........................................................................................................................27
5.4.4 complex IV...........................................................................................................................27
5.4.4 complex V............................................................................................................................27
6 Het lipiden katabolisme.....................................................................................................................28
6.1 vergelijking van het lipiden en sacchariden metabolisme..........................................................28
6.2 katabolisme van lipiden..............................................................................................................29
6.2.1 de vetzuur oxidatie..............................................................................................................29
Extra: Beta-oxidatie van onverzadigde vetzuren..........................................................................30
Extra: Beta-oxidatie van oneven vetzuren....................................................................................30
6.3 lipiden anabolisme......................................................................................................................31
6.3.1 synthese van triacylglycerolen en glycerofosfolipiden........................................................31
6.3.2 synthese van cholesterol en afgeleide steroïden.................................................................31
7 proteïnen metabolisme.....................................................................................................................31
7.1 principe en vergelijking met het metabolisme van de sacchariden en lipiden...........................31
7.2 opname van anorganisch ammoniak..........................................................................................32
7.3 transaminatie reacties = interconversie.....................................................................................33
7.4 anabolisme van (niet-essentiële) aminozuren............................................................................33
7.4.1 Subklasse 1: alanine, aspartaat/asparagine, glutamaat/glutamine.....................................33
7.4.2 Subklasse 2: serine, cysteine, glycine...................................................................................33
7.4.3 Subklasse 3: tyrosine...........................................................................................................34
7.4.4 Subklasse 4: proline en arginine..........................................................................................34
7.5 metabolisme van proteïnen........................................................................................................34
7.6 katabolisme van aminozuren......................................................................................................34
8 nucleotiden metabolisme..................................................................................................................35
8.1 anabolisme van de nucleotiden..................................................................................................35
8.1.1 Synthese van de purine nucleotiden....................................................................................35
8.1.2 Synthese van de pyrimidine nucleotiden.............................................................................36
8.2 katabolisme van de nucleotiden.................................................................................................37
8.2.1 Katabolisme van de purinen................................................................................................38
8.2.2 Katabolisme van de pyrimidinen.........................................................................................38
9 overige metabole wegen van sacchariden.........................................................................................38
3
, 9.1 bronnen van glucose...................................................................................................................38
9.2 glycogeen metabolisme..............................................................................................................38
9.2.1 de glycogenolyse (katabolisme)...........................................................................................39
9.2.2 de glycogenese (anabolisme)...............................................................................................39
9.2.3 regeling glycogeen metabolisme.........................................................................................39
9.3 glucogeogenese (anabolisme)....................................................................................................40
9.3.1 principe van de gluconeogenese.........................................................................................40
9.3.2 mechanisme van de gluconeogenese..................................................................................41
9.3.3 precursoren voor de gluconeogenese.................................................................................41
9.4 de pentose-fosfaat weg..............................................................................................................42
9.4.1 principe van de pentose-fosfaat weg...................................................................................42
9.4.2 het oxidatieve deel van de shunt (zelf kunnen tekenen).....................................................43
9.4.3 het niet-oxidatieve deel van de shunt.................................................................................43
10 signaaltransductie en regeling van het metabolisme......................................................................44
10.1 signaaltransductie.....................................................................................................................44
10.1.1 principe van de signaaltransductie....................................................................................44
10.1.2 mechanisme van de signaaltransductie.............................................................................45
10.1.3 De adenylyl cyclase signaaltransductie..............................................................................46
10.1.4 De inositol fosfolipiden signaaltransductie........................................................................47
10.1.5 De receptor tyrosine kinase signaaltransductie.................................................................47
10.1.6 Modelvoorbeelden van de signaaltransductie...................................................................47
10.2 regeling van het metabolisme..................................................................................................48
10.2.1 Allosterie, covalente modificatie en dé novo enzymsynthese...........................................48
10.2.2 Regeling van de glycolyse..................................................................................................49
10.2.3 Regeling van de citroenzuurcyclus.....................................................................................51
10.2.4 Regeling van het glycogeen metabolisme..........................................................................52
10.2.5 Regeling van de gluconeogenese.......................................................................................54
10.2.6 Regeling van de pentose fosfaat weg of hexose monofosfaat shunt.................................54
10.2.7 Regeling van de oxidatieve fosforylatie.............................................................................55
10.2.8 Regeling van het vetzuurmetabolisme...............................................................................55
10.2.9 Regeling van het aminozuur katabolisme..........................................................................56
10.2.10 Regeling van het nucleotide anabolisme.........................................................................56
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