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Summary IB History - the Chinese Civil War
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This summary includes the main causes and effects of the Chinese Civil War for IB History Paper 2 questions.
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Chinese Civil War 1927 - the 1950sLong-term causes
Socio-economic factors
1. the vast majority of the population being poor peasants in 1900 (ones paying taxes for the
Manchu imperial court, even facing starvation, floods, or droughts, leaving them with
barely enough food to feed their families) 🡪 more stress, increased the class division
between peasants and wealthy
2. the cultivated land was growing at a lower level 🡪 more frequent famines, peasant plots
of land were reduced, and landlords increased rent 🡪 more poverty
3. Peasants would be driven to cities.
Improved technology and cheap Western imports + large number of migrates 🡪higher
unemployment (peasants lacked skills to work this technology) 🡪 polarizing China,
making the country weaker, increasing the desperation for change amongst the
peasants
Influence of foreign powers
1. Britain had defeated China in Opium Wars
2. the great Chinese Empire was carved up into spheres of influence by the Europeans,
Americans and by the end of the 19th century Japan 🡪 Chinese were forced to comply
with imperialistic desires of the west 🡪popularity of the idea of unification grew
3. The popular anti-Western feeling caused a violent rebellion against Westerners (Boxer
Rebellion in 1899). As there were different attempts from the Chinese elite to resist
Western control, and the Manchus did not coherently support this attempt
(Self-strengthening Movement (1861-1895) 🡪facilitated chaos, disastrous tension, and
polarization
Political weakness
4. China had been forced to sign unequal treaties that gave the imperialist powers
extraordinary controls over Chinese trade, territory, and ultimately sovereignty.
5. inflation and corruption weakened the financial position of the Manchus (a large portion
of tax revenues did not reach the central government) 🡪 increased political instability,
internal vulnerability, loss of support to the ruling dynasty
Role of Taiping Rebellion
1. 1850 - the Taiping Rebellion in China (religious- political reform movement) 🡪 millions
of Chinese were dead. The movement was put down by regional armies 🡪involvement of
, regional armies began the move away from centralized control, which would result
in the warlord era in the 1920s.
The Taiping Rebellion was a civil war in southern China waged against the ruling
Manchu Qing dynasty.
The overthrow of the Manchu Dynasty (Double Tenth revolution 1911)
1. Corruption + Prince Chun increased taxation and no socio-economic progress was made
🡪 the rise of tension, putting China into economic regress
2. The provinces that separated from Beijing negotiated about the creation of the Chinese
Republic
3. After overthrow no democracy was introduced, most former imperial officials kept their
position when the population was promised that a republic would be the best way on
achieving the goals 🡪 a new government that had the same ideology and same policies as
the previous one created more tension
The rule of Yuan Shikai 1912-1915
1. Yuan ruled China as a military dictator
2. Supported regionalism 🡪 enhanced opposition who wanted the unification of China
3. Proclaim himself as an Emperor in 1916 🡪loss of support of the army
Significance: With the death of Yuan, China lost the only figure that had maintained some degree
of unity and broke out into small states and provinces, each controlled by a warlord and his
private army
Michael Lynch
“The Double Tenth was a triumph of regionalism.” – shaped Chinese history for next 40 years
Short-term causes
Regionalism
1. The rise of different ambitions and aims occurred within warlords - feeling of full
autonomy and power 🡪 the outbreak of civil war in China. Political internal instability =
warlords
2. The rise of communist and nationalist parties to defeat warlords and unite China
The May Fourth movement 1919
1. A response to both the warlords and the strong foreign influence in China
2. Versailles settlement as a cause- China was humiliated by the same allies she supported in
the First World War.
3. Main aim - rebirth of Chinese culture, inspired by revolutionary ideologies and the
example of the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia, 1917
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