Summary Solution Manual For Financial Statement Analysis And Security Valuation 5th Edition By Penman

C1.1.Fundamental risk arises from the inherent risk in the business – from sales revenue falling or expenses rising unexpectedly, for example. Price risk is the risk of prices deviating from fundamental value. Prices are subject to fundamental risk, but can move away from fundamental value, irrespective of outcomes in the fundamentals. When an investor buys a stock, she takes on fundamental risk – the stock price could drop because the firm’s operations don’t meet expectations – but she also runs the (price) risk of buying a stock that is overpriced or selling a stock that is underpriced. Chapter 19 elaborates and Figure 19.5 (in Chapter 19) gives a display. C1.2.A beta technology measures the risk of an investment and the required return that the risk requires. The capital asset pricing model (CAPM) is a beta technology; is measures risk (beta) and the required return for the beta. An alpha technology involves techniques that identify mispriced stocks that can earn a return in excess of the required return (an alpha return). See Box 1.1. The appendix to Chapter 3 elaborates on beta technologies. 2 C1.3.This statement is based on a statistical average from the historical data: The return on stocks in the U.S. and many other countries during the twentieth century was higher than that for bonds, even though there were periods when bonds performed better than stocks. So, the argument goes, if one holds stocks long enough, one earns the higher return. However, it is dangerous making predictions from historical averages when risky investment is involved. Averages from the past are not guaranteed in the future. After all, the equity premium is a reward for risk, and risk means that the investor can get hit (with no guarantee of always getting a higher return). The investor who holds stocks (for retirement, for example) may well find that her stocks have fallen when she comes to liquidate them. Indeed, for the past 5-year period, the past 10-year period, and the past 25-year period up to 2010, bonds outperformed stocks—not very pleasant for the post war baby-boomer at retirement age at that point who had held “stocks for the long run.” Waiting for the “long-run” may take a lot of time (and “in the long run we are all dead”). 3 The historical average return for equities is based on buying stocks at different times, and averages out “buying high” and “buying low” (and selling high and selling low). An investor who buys when prices are high (or is forced to sell when prices are low) may not receive the typical average return. Consider investors who purchased shares during the stock market bubble in the 1990s: They lost considerable amount of their retirement “nest egg” over the next few years. See Box 1.1. C1.4.A passive investor does not investigate the price at which he buys an investment. He assumes that the investment is fairly (efficiently) priced and that he will earn the normal return for the risk he takes on. The active investor investigates whether the investment is efficiently priced. He looks for mispriced investments that can earn a return in excess of the normal return. See Box 1.1. 4 C1.5.This is not an easy question at this stage. It will be answered in full as the book proceeds. But one way to think about it is as follows: If an investor expects to earn 10% on her investment in a stock, then earnings/price should be 10% and price/earnings should be 10. Any return above this would be considered “high” and any return below it “low.” So a P/E of 33 (an E/P yield of 3.03%) would be considered high and a P/E of 8 (an E/P yield of 12.5%) would be considered low. But we would have to also consider how accounting rules measure earnings: If accounting measures result in lower earnings (through high depreciation charges or the expensing of research and development expenditure, for example) then a normal P/E ratio might be higher than 10. And one also has to consider growth: If earnings are expected to be higher in the future than current earnings, the E/P ratio should be lower than this 10% benchmark (and the corresponding P/E higher). In early 2012, the S&P 500 P/E ratio stood at 14.4. 5 C1.6.The firm has to repurchase the stock at the market price, so the shareholder will get the same price from the firm as from another investor. But one should be wary of trading with insiders (the management) who might have more information about the firm’s prospects than outsiders (and might make stock repurchases when they consider the stock to be underpriced). Some argue that stock repurchases are indicative of good prospects for the firm that are not reflected in the market price, and firms repurchase stocks to signal these prospects. Firms buy stocks because they think the stock is cheap. C1.7. Yes. Stocks would be efficiently priced at the agreed fundamental value and the market price would impound all the information that investors are using. Stock prices would change as new information arrived that revised the fundamental value. But that new information would be unpredictable beforehand. So changes in prices would also be unpredictable: stock prices would follow a