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Samenvatting economie ap
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ECONOMIEMargot De Vos
1CMB
1
,1 Inhoudsopgave
2 INLEIDING ................................................................................................................................... 7
2.1 HET DOEL VAN DE ECONOMISCHE WETENSCHAP .................................................................................. 7
2.1.1 BEHOEFTE ................................................................................................................................ 7
2.1.2 SCHAARSE MIDDELEN .................................................................................................................. 7
2.1.3 NUTTIGHEID EN KEUZEPROBLEMEN ................................................................................................ 7
2.2 WELVAART EN WELZIJN.................................................................................................................. 7
2.3 SOORTEN GOEDEREN ..................................................................................................................... 7
2.4 CONSUMPTIE EN PRODUCTIE ........................................................................................................... 8
2.5 DE METHODE ............................................................................................................................... 8
2.6 DE CETERIS-PARIBUSCLAUSULE ........................................................................................................ 8
2.7 MICRO-, MESO-, EN MACRO-ECONOMIE ........................................................................................... 8
3 CONSUMENTEN .......................................................................................................................... 9
3.1 DE KEUZE VAN DE OPTIMALE GOEDERENCOMBINATIE (= EVENWICHT VAN DE CONSUMENT) ......................... 9
3.1.1 DE PREFERENTIES ....................................................................................................................... 9
3.1.2 BUDGET EN PRIJZEN .................................................................................................................... 9
3.2 DE PRIJSVRAAGCURVE ..................................................................................................................11
3.2.1 DE AFLEIDING VAN DE INDIVIDUELE VRAAGCURVE .............................................................................11
3.2.2 EEN BEWEGING LANGS DE INDIVIDUELE VRAAGCURVE ........................................................................11
3.2.3 VERSCHUIVINGEN VAN DE INDIVIDUELE VRAAGCURVE ........................................................................11
3.2.4 DE COLLECTIEVE OF MARKTVRAAGCURVE ........................................................................................12
3.3 DE ELASTICITEIT VAN DE VRAAG ......................................................................................................13
3.3.1 DE PRIJSELASTICITEIT VAN DE VRAAG..............................................................................................13
3.3.2 DE KRUISELINGSE PRIJSELASTICITEIT VAN DE VRAAG...........................................................................15
3.3.3 INKOMENSELASTICITEIT VAN DE VRAAG ..........................................................................................16
3.4 HET CONSUMENTENGEDRAG IN BELGIË ............................................................................................16
3.4.1 HET BESTEDINGSPATROON VAN DE BELGISCHE PARTICULIEREN.............................................................16
3.4.2 HET SPAARGEDRAG VAN DE BELGISCHE PARTICULIEREN ......................................................................17
3.5 METING VAN DE PRIJZEN, DE CONSUMPTIEPRIJSINDEX ........................................................................17
3.5.1 VOORWAARDEN WAARAAN DE CONSUMPTIEPRIJSINDEX ALS INFLATIEMETER MOET VOLDOEN ....................17
3.5.2 DE CONSUMPTIEPRIJSINDEX .........................................................................................................17
4 PRODUCENTEN...........................................................................................................................18
4.1 BEPALING VAN DE OPTIMALE PRODUCTIEGROOTTE .............................................................................18
4.2 DE WET VAN DE TOE- EN AFNENEMDE MEEROPBRENGST......................................................................19
4.3 HET KOSTENVERLOOP ...................................................................................................................21
4.3.1 TOTALE CONSTANTE KOSTEN ........................................................................................................21
4.3.2 TOTALE VARIABELE KOSTEN .........................................................................................................21
4.3.3 DE TOTALE KOSTEN ....................................................................................................................22
4.3.4 DE GEMIDDELDE EN MARGINALE KOSTEN ........................................................................................22
4.4 HET OPBRENGSTENVERLOOP BIJ VOLKOMEN CONCURRENTIE ................................................................24
4.5 DE OPTIMALE PRODUCTIEGROOTTE BIJ VOLKOMEN CONCURRENTIE........................................................25
4.6 DE AFLEIDING VAN DE AANBODCURVE BIJ VOLKOMPEN CONCURRENTIE ..................................................26
4.6.1 DE INDIVIDUELE AANBODCURVE ...................................................................................................26
2
,4.6.2 EEN BEWEGING LANGS DE INDIVIDUELE AANBODCURVE .....................................................................27
4.6.3 EEN BEWEGING VAN DE INDIVIDUELE AANBODCURVE ........................................................................27
4.6.4 DE COLLECTIEVE OF MARKTAANBOD ..............................................................................................27
4.7 DE BREAK-EVENANALYSE ...............................................................................................................28
4.8 DE PRIJSELASTICITEIT VAN HET AANBOD ...........................................................................................28
5 PRIJSVORMING ..........................................................................................................................30
5.1 MARKT EN MARKTVORMEN ...........................................................................................................30
5.2 DE VOLKOMEN CONCURRENTIE.......................................................................................................30
5.2.1 KENMERKEN (TABEL)..................................................................................................................30
5.2.2 HET MARKTEVENWICHT BIJ VOLKOMEN CONCURRENTIE .....................................................................30
5.2.3 DYNAMISCHE VRAAG- EN AANBODRELATIES (= SPINNENWEBTHEOREMA)...............................................32
5.2.4 INGRIJPEN VAN DE OVERHEID IN DE PRIJSVORMING EXAMENVRAAG..................................................32
5.3 DE ONVOLKOMEN CONCURRENTIE ..................................................................................................32
5.3.1 DE MONOPOLIE EXAMENVRAAG ...............................................................................................32
5.3.2 HET OLIGOPOLIE (BV TELECOMMARKT)...........................................................................................34
5.3.3 DE MONOPOLISTISCHE CONCURRENTIE...........................................................................................35
5.3.4 HET PRIJSBELEID IN BELGIË ..........................................................................................................35
6 MACRO-ECONOMISCHE GROOTHEDEN ......................................................................................36
6.1 DE ECONOMISCHE KRINGLOOP .......................................................................................................36
6.2 DE BEREKENING VAN DE ECONOMISCHE ACTIVITEIT.............................................................................36
6.2.1 ‘BRUTO’ EN ‘NETTO’...................................................................................................................37
6.2.2 ‘TEGEN MARKTPRIJZEN’ EN ‘TEGEN FACTORPRIJZEN’ ..........................................................................39
6.2.3 ‘NATIONAAL’ EN ‘BINNENLANDS’ ..................................................................................................41
6.3 HET REËLE EN HET NOMINALE BBP ..................................................................................................43
6.4 HET BBP ALS MAATSTAF VOOR ONZE WELVAART ...............................................................................44
6.5 DE NATIONALE REKENINGEN ..........................................................................................................45
6.6 MACRO-ECONOMISCHE GEGEVENS VAN DE BELGISCHE ECONOMIE.........................................................45
6.6.1 DE OORSPRONG VAN HET BRUTO BINNENLANDS PRODUCT VOLGENS DE ACTIVITEITSKLASSE ........................45
6.6.2 DE VERDELING VAN HET BRUTO BINNENLANDS PRODUCT OVER DE PRODUCTIEFACTOREN...........................46
6.6.3 DE BESTEDING VAN HET BRUTO BINNENLANDS PRODUCT ....................................................................46
7 CONJUNCTUUR, GROEI EN ONTWIKKELING ...............................................................................47
7.1 DE CONJUNCTUUR .......................................................................................................................47
7.1.1 BESCHRIJVING ..........................................................................................................................47
7.1.2 VERKLARING ............................................................................................................................48
7.1.3 CONJUNCTUURPOLITIEK ..............................................................................................................50
7.2 DE ECONOMISCHE GROEI...............................................................................................................50
7.2.1 BEGRIP ...................................................................................................................................50
7.2.2 DETERMINANTEN VAN DE GROEIBEWEGING.....................................................................................50
7.2.3 DE VOOR- EN NADELEN VAN DE ECONOMISCHE GROEI .......................................................................50
7.3 ONTWIKKELING ...........................................................................................................................50
7.3.1 INKOMEN ALS ONTWIKKELINGSMAATSTAF.......................................................................................50
7.3.2 ALTERNATIEVE MAATSTAVEN VAN MAATSCHAPPELIJK WELZIJN ............................................................52
7.3.3 OORZAKEN VAN EEN LAGER ONTWIKKELINGSTEMPO..........................................................................53
7.3.4 EVOLUTIE IN ONTWIKKELINGSBELEID..............................................................................................53
3
, 8 NATIONAAL INKOMEN EN WERKGELEGENHEID .........................................................................54
8.1 DE HOOGTE VAN HET NATIONAAL INKOMEN......................................................................................54
8.1.1 DE MACRO-ECONOMISCHE CONSUMPTIE- EN SPAARVERGELIJKING .......................................................54
8.1.2 DE INVESTERINGSVERGELIJKING ....................................................................................................55
8.1.3 HET EVENWICHTSINKOMEN (NIET) ...............................................................................................55
8.1.4 DE INVESTERINGSMULTIPLICATOR .................................................................................................55
8.1.5 DE ACCELERATOR ......................................................................................................................55
8.1.6 DE HOOGTE VAN HET NATIONAAL INKOMEN EN DE TEWERKSTELLING ....................................................56
8.2 DE ARBEIDSMARKT ......................................................................................................................57
8.2.1 AANBOD VAN ARBEIDSKRACHTEN..................................................................................................57
8.2.2 VRAAG NAAR ARBEIDSKRACHTEN ..................................................................................................58
8.2.3 WERKLOOSHEID OVER DE PERIODE 2014-2020 ...............................................................................58
8.2.4 WERKLOOSHEID: SOORTEN EN OORZAKEN ......................................................................................59
8.2.5 BESTRIJDING VAN DE WERKLOOSHEID ............................................................................................59
8.3 CONCURRENTIEVERMOGEN, LOONVORMING EN INNOVATIE .................................................................60
8.3.1 CONCURRENTIEVERMOGEN .........................................................................................................60
8.3.2 LOONVORMING ........................................................................................................................61
9 GELD, MONETAIR BELEID EN INFLATIE .......................................................................................62
9.1 HET GELD ...................................................................................................................................62
9.1.1 FUNCTIES VAN HET GELD .............................................................................................................62
9.1.2 BETALINGSVERKEER VANDAAG .....................................................................................................62
9.1.3 GELDSUBSTITUTIE EN GELDSCHEPPING ...........................................................................................62
9.1.4 VRAAG EN AANBOD NAAR GELD ....................................................................................................63
9.1.5 HET MONETAIRE EVENWICHT .......................................................................................................63
9.2 DE MONETAIRE POLITIEK EN HET EUROSYSTEEM .................................................................................64
9.2.1 DOELSTELLINGEN EN TAKEN .........................................................................................................64
9.2.2 MONETAIRE BELEIDSINSTRUMENTEN NIET .................................................................................64
9.3 HET INFLATIEVERSCHIJNSEL ............................................................................................................64
9.3.1 BEGRIP ...................................................................................................................................64
9.3.2 OORZAKEN VAN INFLATIE ............................................................................................................64
9.3.3 GEVOLGEN VAN INFLATIE ............................................................................................................65
9.3.4 BESTRIJDING VAN INFLATIE ..........................................................................................................65
9.3.5 DE INFLATIE 2014-2020 ............................................................................................................66
9.3.6 DEFLATIE .................................................................................................................................66
10 INTERNATIONALE BETREKKINGEN ............................................................................................67
10.1 BETEKENIS EN BESCHRIJVING VAN HET BELGISCHE HANDELSVERKEER ....................................................67
10.1.1 DE INTERNATIONALE CONTEXT ...................................................................................................67
10.1.2 DE BUITENLANDSE HANDEL VAN BELGIË 2017-2020 ......................................................................68
10.2 DE WERKING VAN VRIJ INTERNATIONAAL HANDELSVERKEER ...............................................................69
10.2.1 DE THEORIE VAN A. SMITH : ABSOLUTE KOSTENVERSCHILLEN ............................................................69
10.2.2 DE THEORIE VAN D. RICARDO: RELATIEVE KOSTENVERSCHILLEN .........................................................69
10.2.3 DE VOORDELEN VAN DE INTERNATIONALE HANDEL ..........................................................................70
10.2.4 BEPERKINGEN IN DE VRIJHANDEL.................................................................................................70
10.3 HANDELSPOLITIEK ......................................................................................................................70
10.3.1 TARIFAIRE BELEMMERINGEN (DAARDOOR STIJGT DE PRIJS VAN DE GEÏMPORTEERDE GOEDEREN)................70
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