Edexcel A-level History - The Battles of the Wars of The Roses Timeline (Lancastrians, Yorkists and Henry VII )
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Course
Lancastrians, Yorkists and Henry VII 1399-1509
Institution
PEARSON (PEARSON)
This document contains a timeline for the Lancastrians, Yorkists and Henry VII paper. It includes a summary of the different battles that occurred during the time period. This document was made using the Edexcel History textbook and other notes.
- Lancastrians
- Yorkists 𝕋𝕙𝕖 𝕓𝕒𝕥𝕥𝕝𝕖𝕤 𝕠𝕗 𝕥𝕙𝕖 𝕎𝕒𝕣𝕤 𝕠𝕗 𝕥𝕙𝕖 ℝ𝕠𝕤𝕖𝕤
The battle of Radcot Bridge – 1387 The battle of Shrewsbury – 1403
It was a battle between Richard II’s supporters from The disputes between the Percies and Henry IV over the
Chester, led by de Vere, and the king’s opponents, such as prisoners at the Battle of Homildon Hill, financial
Henry Bolingbroke. Richard’s supporters were intercepted disagreements and Hotspur’s wife being a Mortimer led to
by the king’s opponents at Radcot Bridge and a battle was the rebellion. Thus, Hotspur rebelled and was joined in this
fought there. De Vere’s troops were defeated, and de la by his uncle, the earl of Worcester. In Cheshire, they issued
Pole and de Vere fled abroad. proclamations against Henry IV, claiming their allegiance to
Richard II. The rebels fought against the royal army at
The battle of Harfleur – 1415 Shrewsbury and were defeated. Hotspur was killed on the
It was conducted by Henry V in Normandy during the battlefield, being buried only after the body had been
Hundred Years War. Henry’s troops ranged from around publicly displayed on the king’s orders, to prevent later
10,500 to 12,000 fighting men, who were transported in a claims that he was still alive.
fleet of ships. His troops began by surrounding the port of
Harfleur both by land and sea and placing it under siege. The Battle of Agincourt – 1415
The French initially resisted but later surrendered and the Henry V had sent out spies in the night to assess the ground,
English also suffered losses because of an outbreak of put stakes in the ground to stab horses and made an arrow
dysentery among their troops. Henry led the remainder of formation with trees either side, so the French couldn’t go
his army to Calais. around them. The English army consisted of a high
proportion of archers, 80%, who trained in the use of the
The battle of Castillon – 1453 longbow. The highly effective use of the bowshot by the
It was the concluding battle of the Hundred Years’ War English, killed and wounded the French whilst throwing
between France and England and was during Henry VI’s them into confusion. The French decided to fight in close
reign. On the day of the battle, English commander John formation, but the battlefield was narrow, meaning that the
Talbot, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury, believing that the enemy French were grouped too tightly and had difficulty in
was retreating, led his army into a fortified French fighting effectively. The French wore heavy armour on foot
encampment without waiting for reinforcements. Talbot and the French horses struggled to move quickly on the
then refused to withdraw even after realizing the strength muddy ground. Once they had run out of arrows, the lightly
of the French position, causing his men to suffer extensive armed English archers were ordered to engage in hand-to-
casualties from the French artillery. The English had 6,000 hand combat with the enemy, meaning that they could
men but the French had 7,000 - 10,000 men. The battle led move much faster. Henry ordered all enemies taken
to the English losing almost all their holdings in France, prisoner during the battle to be immediately killed to
especially Gascony (Aquitaine), except for Calais. prevent them giving any assistance to the enemy. French
reinforcements did not come, and the English were
victorious. 1-300 English died, out of 9,000, and thousands
The First Battle of St Albans – 1455
of French died, out of 12,000. As a result, Parliament
It marked the beginning of the Wars of the Roses. Richard
granted Henry taxation.
Duke of York and Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick,
assembled their private armies, 3,000 – 6,000 men, in the
Battle of Ludford Bridge – 1459
north and marched south to confront Henry VI. The
York was preparing for battle but fled into exile in Ireland
Lancastrian army had 2,000 men and was under the
during the night (when he heard how large the king’s army
command of the Duke of Buckingham. The Yorkists
was). Edward, Earl of March, Salisbury (elder Neville) and
suffered heavy casualties, but the Lancastrian defences
Warwick (younger Neville) fled to Calais. The Lancastrians
finally broke after a small force under the Earl of Warwick
and Henry VI was victorious.
made a surprise appearance. The Lancastrian defenders
abandoned their barricades and fled. Warwick’s
The Battle of Northampton – 1460
longbowmen killed Buckingham, Somerset and other
The Yorkist force under the Earl of Warwick approached the
Lancastrian nobles and wounded the king. Henry was
defensive encampment of the Lancastrian King Henry VI in
escorted back to London by York and Warwick, where York
the grounds of Delapré Abbey, Northampton. Despite the
was restored as Lord Protector of England.
large number of forces involved on either side, and in spite
of the superior Lancastrian defensive position, the
Battle of Blore Heath – 1459
encounter was exceptionally short with very little
It was during Henry VI’s reign and the Wars of the Roses.
bloodshed. When Warwick’s forces reached the Lancastrian
An army of 5,000 Yorkists, under the command of the Earl
right flank, the defenders under the command of Lord Grey
of Salisbury, were intercepted whilst marching south to
of Ruthin simply laid down their arms and allowed the
join forces with the Duke of York. The newly recruited
Yorkists to enter the king’s camp. King Henry was captured,
10,000 strong Lancastrian force under the command of
and several leading Lancastrian noblemen were killed.
Lord Audley advanced but were decimated as they crossed
marshy ground. It took place in Shropshire, where there
were 2,000 Lancastrian casualties and 1,000 Yorkist
casualties.
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