Change in women's position and reasons for the vote. A level Challenge and transformation Britain
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Course
Depth Study (1G)
Institution
AQA
Covers female emancipation till 1914 in the specification.
-Table comparing the positive and negative changes in women's economic, social and political position before, during and after WW1.
-essay plan on reasons women get the vote.
Before WW1 During ww1 After WW1
Jobs 1/3 of workforce female- 5.7m industrial Clerical work became a growing sector of
+education piecework or domestic workforce female female employment with 1m women typists
service. In 1911, 28% in ds -employed in by 1921. FOR M/C
-increasing no’s of metal and -Sex disqualification Act 1919 – prevented
teachers+ nurses chemical barring women from jobs in law or civil
-m/c women go to uni-not industries-200,000 service on basis of gender. FOR M/C. greater
fulltime though. 1878 1st employed. By opportunities now law/civil service. Some
women gets degree from 1918, 1m in those evidence that male attitudes
London uni 2 alone= gradually starting to change. still have to
experience leave if get married
-1851-1922 7x increase in 800,000 in -1922-1st woman (ivy Williams) to be called to
male office jobs but 83x munitions English bar despite becoming lawyer 22yrs
increase in female clerical 40,000 by 1914 in earlier
jobs armed forces, -many women developed new skills, self-
others drove confidence and contacts in their war jobs and
trams, buses were able to capitalise on these gains after
1917- women’s the war in terms of greater freedoms both at
auxiliary army work and in personal relationships.
corps-free up -most unis accept women- limited to a v.
more men, 1st small minority of women
women to serve in -growing service sector/ light industry- less of
army other than a stereotype to light industry
nurses clerical -piecework changes approach to wages- paid
(restricted to by piece- element of meritocracy
feminine roles), fundamental element that women can prove
mechanical, themselves
miscellaneous -m/c can become MP’s
-Western Front-in -1/3 of unmarried women moved into paid
1914 40,000 employment across expanding range of jobs
nurses went to in medicine education and industry
France
Although sig improvements in opportunities
for m/c , limits to mobility if w/c and if
married, not far enough as wage gap
immense and not substantial no.s going into
men-dominated roles. NOT FAR ENOUGH
NEGATIVE - prevailing All the gains women made overturned
Married women attitude was that because of economic realities- wartime
, unemployed women were not industries no longer continued & returning
-women can’t graduate skilled or resilient men reclaimed jobs= no. of employed women
from oxford or Cambridge enough for returned to pre-war levels- WW1 A BLIP
-women regarded as fit for traditional military -1.25 m women in domestic service-
certain separate spheres- work. unpopular but limited opportunities for w/c
charity work, seen as due to education & social attitudes-
maternal “women’s work”
-lack of educational -Many women had earned the right to vote,
opportunity secondary & but such things as going to university or
over standing as MPs were still overwhelmingly
the preserve of men.
-domestic service till largest employer=little
change- 1.3m in 1928= CONTINUITY
-heavy persistence of wage gap- typically
paid 1/3 less than a man for a similar job
-economic depression reinforce the idea that
well-paid work primarily for men and proper
place for women was in the family home as
unpaid workers or in low paid “women’s
jobs” like caring+ cooking- 1/3 of women
worked in these
- civil service, education sector, nursing
operated a marriage bar -have to resign if
married
-regional variations in workforce-
Northumberland: dominance of better paid
male work in mining vs Blackburn- 79% of
both genders working in poorly paid textiles
industries- thus boys get better paid jobs
Political +legal 1881- married women can -WSPU+NUWSS 1918 representation of ppls act-women over
position keep inherited property suspend 30 IF ratepayers or married to one and
-1884- Local gov act- campaigns for female graduates. Make up 43% of electorate
women vote in local victory for B but only 40% of women-8.5/24.5m .
elections & run to become Significant because for 1st time, can directly
poor law guardians & influence parliament. Mainly m/c housewives
school board members. By
1900, 1000+ women 1928- same terms as men-21+ vs 1903-locsl
elected for P.L board= elections only.- now 53% of electorate!
greater experience but -property ownership increased due to WW1
pigeonholed to certain Deaths
areas
-primrose league 1883 -first woman in cabinet Margaret bondfield
women can join 1929 so not before 1928
-1894- unmarried+married
ratepayers can vote in 1925- husband & wife inherit property
district councils and be equally
councillors by 1928, 12 women in commons- now part of
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