Ireland notes - A level history 1G Challenge and transformation
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Course
Depth Study (1G)
Institution
AQA
Notes detailing Irish grievances over land, religion, economy and politics. Details of the opposition to Home rule, opposition to the british governments, Gladstone's acts and the successes and failures, Irish nationalism, Change and continuity in Ireland over the period, Conservative Irish policie...
LAND/AGRICULTURE RELIGION ECONOMIC Political
poor weather- farming affected- economy depends on prejudice- catholic free trade -sense of
agri being organised efficiently. majority under CofE. over btwn Britain superiority
-before 1800 Irish farmers top earnings from making and 8/10 cath. 88%- and Ireland held by English
selling small amounts of cloth, act of union meant free disproportionate power of ruined Irish and no
trade between Britain so can't compete with cheaper the Anglican church linen industry political power
English cloth, so poverty increases. Ireland increasingly for Irish-
agricultural as textile industry collapses -less rights (not Any other growing sense
respected), property, land cars that HR was
-malnutrition- potatoes-limited diet- mostly exported --> (only 5% of land owned by produced in only solution
potato famine 1845-49= lack of sustained help= (LAISSEZ Catholics) & forbidden Ireland (enter Isaac
FAIRE/ SELF-HELP) 1m emigration (w resentment vs from jobs like civil exported to butt 1870 HR
British)+ 1m died of starvation. pop halved from 1841- servants. must pay tithes! other league, 1st
1911 (8.2 -> 4.4m) (10% of pop’s annual countries for leader of HR
Gov response: income) even tho don’t profit party in
-brief initial public works schemes like employing attend protestant service parliament,
workers to build but ended soon more
-Charles Trevelyan famine a “lesson sent by God” to lazy -The Roman Catholic Regional moderate than
Irish. Felt GB didn’t help, laissez faire and didn’t stop Church had given the division: Parnell) =
exports for cattle, bacon but ended poor relief instead= majority a sense of Protestant IMPERIALISM
growth of nationalist committees in USA and Ireland as identity and leadership Ulster VS
many convinced lack of aid was deliberate and Ireland especially since Gaelic had stronger NATIONALISM
needed separation to survive. largely died out as 1 in 200 economically
Here, limited diet led to famine (social) which had used it as the language in - better Dublin
political consequences 1901 relationship parliament
between abolished
-evictions after inc rent prices but dec conditions. -Poor couldn’t vote BUT landlord and
1801 act of
tenants starved and sold most of their produce from British protestant farmers
landowners could as union
SMALL PLOTS to pay rent but still low food prices= can’t
grow enough, small yields. By 1841 at least half of the majority of Catholics
land in Ireland was divided into plots of five acres or less. didn't meet property
qualifications and only
-land owned by English absentee landlords and managed given vote in 1829
by unpopular ‘agents’- any improved plots= inc rents!
dictated tenancies- -small plots= only potato and -CHURCH ACT 1869-
small rents for the tenants so they would do evictions to disestablished Anglican
merge plots for more efficiency = more crops sold to church- no longer have to
profit landlords to UK/Empire give tithes. Church
property given to improve
no security of tenure (not given in 1870 act) or hospitals, schools. good
ownership. lack of investment in alternatives but not enough. failure to
irish tenant league 1860s pressure on Gladstone open uni education to
Land Act 1870- intended to give tenants greater Catholics in 1873 lost their
security. set up land tribunals had power to support. Gladstone
deserves credit for
, intervene in disputes over fair rent but not
effective. removing the longstanding
Rights to compensation if improvements to anomaly and calming
property and if evicted for another reason some of the religious
failure of courts to rule objectively- sided w passion in the Irish
landlords, no clear definition of "exorbitant" rents situation although
so failed to address the issue of rent control so comparatively limited
evictions contd & lack of funding for land effect as main focus of
purchase. Also landlords jus raised to impossibly popular resentment was
high rents and unfair evictions contd. although it land tenure However,
did introduce the idea of actual land purchase by long overdue
tenants by arranging for loans to be made
available. response necessitated the Coercion imposition of the church
Act- gave police powers to arrest and resorted to had seen a great injustice
policy of repression
also led to Irish land league 1879 set up to organise
tenant resistance= violence
Landlords also resented bc most powerful- held 70-80% of government jobs
709/751 of members of the Grand Juries were Protestant Unionists
Opposition: - popular opinion shifting
1. Young Ireland 1848 failed uprising- led by Thomas Davis
2. FENIANS- John Mahony. revolution + Irish independence. failed 1867 uprising-
manchester+london- 12 killed,100s injured. Fenians convert to Sinn Fein in 1880s
-little support but convinced GLADSTONE to help Irish esp. to dec expense as more
troops in Ireland than India.
-not organised bc irish-american geo split and not supported by R.C Church
-did = ride in HR and issues
3. IRB brotherhood in USA – supplied money to Land League & IPP to support
rebellions in 1867 against British rule
4. Isaac Butt’s home gov. association 1870 – separate parliament in Dublin for internal
affairs and then HR league
5. 1879 Land League- demanded 3 F's bc of agri depression= to protect from evictions.
Fair rents, fixed tenure, free sale (right to sell their land). led by Michael Davitt &
Parnell. Given in 1881.
--agri depression means lower income for farmers= evictions – 1000 in 1879=LAND WARS
PURSUED=BOYCOTTS and strikes (all tenants agree to not pay if raised rents), burned
landowners houses, Inc resentment esp. after dec opportunities for Irish immigrant workers
in GB = return to Ireland
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