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Samenvatting Introductory Geographic Information Systems (Jensen & Jensen)
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Samenvatting boek: introductory geograpghical information systems van jensen en jensen
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Sterk aan te raden om de plaatjes, tabellen etc. in het boek goed te bekijken!Samenvatting GIS pagina’s 1-13:
Spatial data have unique geographic coordinates or other spatial identifiers that allow the data to be
located in geographic space. Aspatial data such as your age of height have no geographic information
associated with them.
GIS stands for: Geographic Information System
Discrete Geographic features consist of points, lines and areas/polygons:
Discrete point features are typically displayed using point symbols, linear features are usually
displayed as lines (vectors) with a beginning, intermediate and endpoints. Features on the surface of
the earth that occupy geographic area are usually displayed as polygons consisting of a series of line
segments that eventually close.
Some phenomena exist of continuously in the landscape and are referred to as continuous
geographic features like elevation, humidity, temperature etc.
Points/Lines/Polygons are often stored in vector data structures according to their specific X and Y
coordinates.
But can also be stored in a raster/matrix format, unfortunately, unless the rasterization process is
performed at a very high spatial resolution, it usually plays havoc with linear features, often causing
them to lose spatial precision and appear jagged. Raster data is perfect for continuous features.
It is important to be aware of national and international standards associated with how these data
are stored and shared. In the US the FGDC (federal geographic data committee) promotes
coordinated development, usage and sharing of geo-information. They provide the National spatial
data infrastructure (NSDI) which contain several databases:
Geodetic control, digital terrain models, digital orthorectified imagery, cadastral data,
boundaries/political units, hydrology, transportation, land-use/cover, vegetation, soils, geology,
demographic information.
Definitions of GIS: (How one defines a GIS is often dependent on how a person uses it!)
A set of tools for collecting, storing, retrieving at will, transforming, and displaying spatial data from
the real world for a particular set of purposes.
An information system used to manipulate, summarise, query, edit, and visualize spatial and non-
spatial information stored in a computer database.
A digital system for the acquisition, management, analysis, and visualization of spatial data for the
purposes of planning, administering and monitoring the natural and socioeconomic environment.
An automated system for the capture, storage, retrieval, analysis and display of spatial data.
A computer-based system designed to manage and use geospatial data to solve spatial problems.
Misconceptions of GIS:
Some people think that GIS is just an ordinary graphic arts program, and some think that it is just a
mapping program but GIS can be used to edge-match, compare and correlate two or more maps so
, it’s more than a mapping program. And it’s also more than a software package and it’s more than a
information system because of the use of spatial data.
A typical GIS consist of four components:
- Hardware (computer, beeldscherm etc.)
- Software (het programma, zoals ArcGIS)
- Humanware/Liveware (diegene die GIS gebruikt)
- Data
Hardware refers to the computer platform and peripherals associated with it
Information system are computerized tools that assist users in the transformation of data into
information
Samenvatting GIS pagina’s 14-28:
GIS Software
Het is belangrijk om een software van GIS te gebruiken die past bij hoe je het wil gebruiken. Er zijn
verschillende mogelijkheden voor bijvoorbeeld veel gebruik van vector data of juist raster data.
Verschillende GIS hebben verschillende (ruimtelijk) statistische analyse mogelijkheden. Voor
complexe ruimtelijke analyses zijn lang niet alle GIS geschikt. Een belangrijk onderdeel van GIS is de
database management system, de DBMS. Dit is voor de input, opslag en het terugvinden van data.
Een GIS DBMS is uniek om zijn mogelijkheid om tabel-data op te kunnen slaan. Het is ook belangrijk
dat GIS goede netwerkmogelijkheden heeft. Hiermee kan data gebruikt worden op verschillende
plekken en kunnen speciale GIS-methoden gebruikt worden.
Humanware (Liveware)
Dit houdt in: de karakteristieken en mogelijkheden van de mensen die verantwoordelijk zijn voor
design, toepassing en gebruik van GIS. Het is belangrijk dat we GIS op een goede manier gebruiken,
dus goede onderzoeksvragen maken, goede analyses doen en de waarde van GIS-informatie
bepalen.
GIS Data
Een voorwaarde voor een succesvolle GIS analyse is speciaal voorbereide geospatial data.
Trends in GIS
GIS zijn door de jaren steeds sneller, betaalbaarder, minder groot en gebruiksvriendelijker geworden.
Het grootste deel van het delen van GIS data gaat via het Internet, vooral door de Open Geospatial
Consortium (OGC) uit 1994. Verschillende universiteiten en instellingen zijn hiermee verbonden om
de uitwisseling zo snel mogelijk te laten gaan.
The Business of GIS
3 soorten industrieën:
GIS Software Development Industry: Deze industrie houdt zich bezig met programmeren, design en
applicaties met specialisten van verschillende achtergronden. Hier wordt de software ontwikkeld die
verkocht kan worden aan professionals.
GIS Data Acquisition Industry: Voor GIS is natuurlijk wel (ruimtelijke) data nodig. Data wordt vaak
door overheden en bedrijven verzamelt en vrijgegeven (soms tegen betaling). GIS datasets van de
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