AP CHEMISTRY NEW UPDATE EXAM 2022 GUIDE SOLUTION

isotope - element with a different number of neutrons mass spectrometry - mass of various isotopic elements to create a mass spectrum graph avogadros number - 6.022 E23 ? L/mol - 22.4 L empirical formula - simplest ratio of the molecules making up a compound molecular formula - actual formula for a substance coulombs law - the amount of energy that an electron has depends on its distance from the nucleus of an atom; e=k(q1*q20)/r ionization energy - amount of energy necessary to remove electrons from an atom (electromagnetic energy exceeds binding energy) shielding electrons - electrons between a valence electron and the nucleus that decreases the attraction between the nucleus and the valence electron periodic trend: left to right - periodic trend: atomic radius decreases; protons are added to the nucleus so valence electrons are more strongly attracted ionization energy increases (protons are added to the nucleus) periodic trend: down a group - periodic trend: atomic radius increases; shells of electrons are added which shield the more distant shells and valence e- get farther away ionization energy decreases (shells of e- added, each inner shell shields more and reduces the pull on valence e- so they are easier to remove) ionic bond - bond between metal and nonmetal; electrons are NOT shared: the cation gives an e- up to the anion metallic bonding - bond between two metals; sea of electrons that make m