Everything you need to know about performance is in this document. All LOs are covered and you just need to know this and back it up with databases and you will be fully ready.
CS23, CS25 - describe the general differences between aeroplanes certified
Performance Class A aeroplanes
● Multi-engine aeroplanes powered by turbo-propeller engines with a MOPSC > 9, or MTOM >
5700kg, and all multi-engine turbo-jet powered aeroplanes.
Performance Class B aeroplane
● Aeroplanes powered by propeller engines with an MOPSC <=9, or MTOM <= 5700kg
Performance and safety
● Aeroplane performance required for commercial air transport may limit the weight of a
dispatched aeroplane in order to achieve a sufficient level of safety.
● Minimum level of safety required for commercial air transport is ensured through the
combination of airworthiness requirements and operational limitations.
Gross Performance
● Average performance that a fleet of aircraft should achieve if satisfactorily maintained and
flown in accordance with the techniques described in the flight manual.
● Calculated performance with no safety factor
Net Performance
● Gross performance diminished to allow for various contingencies that cannot be accounted
for operationally, for example, variation in piloting technique, or temporary below average
performance.
● Net Performance = Gross performance + safety margin
● Net climb gradient is based on the gross climb gradient, reduced to account for safety
margins based on the number of engines.
1
, General Performance theory 01.02
Climb Gradient
● Ratio of the altitude gained to horizontal air distance travelled (in still air), and therefore the
tangent to the climb angle y.
● Climb gradient = ((Thrust – Drag) / Weight) x 100
● Climb gradient = altitude difference x 100 / ground distance
Climb/Descent angle
● Angle between the local horizon and TAS vector. Assumed to be air-related and independent
on wind
Flight Path Angle
● Angle between the flight path of the aircraft and the (horizontal) ground/water surface.
● Influenced by wind.
● Headwind increases the flight path angle and a tailwind will decrease.
Flight-path gradient
Descent Gradient
Absolute ceiling -
Stopway
● An area on the ground beyond the end of TORA which is prepared and designated as a
suitable area in which an aeroplane can be stopped in the event of an abandoned take-off.
● The width of the stopway must not be less than the width of the runway
● Provided for infrequent use and it need not have the same bearing or wearing qualities as
the runway
● Increases the ASDA
2
, Clearway
● Area that may be provided beyond the end of TORA that is free from objects which may
cause a hazard to aeroplanes in flight.
● Provides an area over which an aeroplane can safely transit from lift-off to the required
screen height.
● Does not need to have the same strength, may be land or water and may extend outside the
aerodrome boundary; must be under the control of the aerodrome authority.
● Not less than 152m (500ft) wide.
● Upward slope not exceeding 1,25% above which no object or terrain protrudes.
ASDA – Acceleration Stop dis. Available
● Upslope increases the ASDA
● Increases with a stopway.
● TORA + stopway
TODA
● Length of the take off run available plus the length of the clearway available
● TORA + Clearway
TORA
● Take-off run available
Screen height
● Height of imaginary screen which the aeroplane would just clear when taking off or landing
in an unbanked attitude with landing gear extended
Range -
Endurance -
3
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