Did lives of black Americans improve greatly during new deal years 1933-41
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Course
Administrative Law
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The University Of Aberdeen (Aberd)
Book
Access to History: Civil Rights and Race Relations in the USA 1850–2009 for Pearson Edexcel Second Edition
Essay study book Access to History: Civil Rights and Race Relations in the USA 1850–2009 for Pearson Edexcel Second Edition of Vivienne Sanders - ISBN: 9781510457461 (A grade Essay plan)
"To what extent were key individuals responsible for the gains made by African Americans in their struggle for equality between 1861 and 1965?" essay
Sylvia Mendez
American civil rights (1863-1900) events notes + causes of change
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The University of Aberdeen (Aberd)
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Administrative Law
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Did lives of black Americans improve greatly during new deal era 1933-41
P1- millions of blacks benefited in various ways from alphabet agencies
FERA- spent $4,000 million to aid unemployed through relief and work projects
1935- 3.5mill Blacks received help from FERA- significant as state and local agencies
historically ignored blacks needs
PWA- headed by Harold Ickes- he ensured blacks got equal pay when working for PWA-
spent over $65mill improving/building black homes, schools and hospitals
1940- blacks occupied 1/3 PWA constructed housing- its employment division used racial
quotas to ensure blacks got construction work
WPA- established 1935- employed 350,000 blacks on average per year- imposed racial
quotas on contractors it employed- Blacks composed 15% of WPA workforce within 2 yrs
WPA’s federal writers project benefitted black authors and black scholars could contribute
to black history segments in ND produced state guidebooks
Negro theatre unit- part of WPA’s federal theatre project- employed black directors, writers,
actors and technicians
NYA- played important role given that black youth unemployment peaked 40% during
depression- taught and aided 500,000 young blacks
Fair in its distribution of resources between races
Mary McLeod Bethune- founder of National Council of Negro Women- appointed to work for
NYA after lobbying it to give greater aid to blacks- appointed NYA’s director of division of
negro affairs- effective in convincing Lyndon Johnson- Texas NYA state admin at the time- to
increase amount of black youth in NYA programme
FDR increased number of black employees in federal bureaucracy from 50,000 to 150,000
P2- many blacks afforded greater protection under ND welfare legislation and FEPC
SS act 1935 stalled in Congress until FDR deemed it vital- created unprecedented national
system of benefits- insurance for unemployed, pensions to be funded by employer and
employee contributions
Signed exec order 8802 banning racial discrimination in employment of workers in defence
industries or govt- FEPC established to help enforce the order
P3- leading political figures supporting tackling prejudice helped publicise the issue
Harold Ickes sec of the interior- organised for Marion Anderson to perform at Lincoln
memorial where he made speech denouncing prejudice
ER- ensured figures like NAACP sec Walter white had access to FDR
Her writings and actions raised awareness- attended Southern conference of human welfare
meeting in 1938 in Alabama- biracial group committed to social justice, civil rights, and
repeal of poll tax- 1940- promoted national sharecroppers week and national committee to
abolish poll tax
Ca1- benefits of SS leg and union leg had limits
FDR supported Wagner act 1935- guaranteed union rights and established national labour
relations board to curb unfair employer practises
Fair labour standards act 1938- fixed minimum wage and Max hrs
Many unions excluded blacks- NAACP claim estimate that only 50,000/3.4mill union
members were black
NAACP lobbied Congress but failed to get non discrimination clause included
FDR had to compromise for sd support- excluded waiters, cooks, janitors- jobs commonly
done by blacks
SS payments were low- domestic and agriculture workers excluded- ¾ of black workers
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