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Approaches to Space and Environment - College aantekeningen
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Approaches to Space & Environment – GPMLecture Literature
19th century planning precursors I: Article – Sandercock:
“Framing insurgent historiographies for planning”
The ‘Sphinx in the City’
Book – Hall:
(1850-1900) “The city of dreadful night” (p.12)
19th century planning precursors II: Article – Kropotkin:
“Selections from Fields, factories and
Socialist Utopian and Anarchist Traditions workshops”
(1850-1900) Article – Friedmann:
“Planning as social mobilization”
Article – Van de Grift (N.I.S.):
“On new land a new society”
The Garden City Ideal Book – Hall:
“The city in the garden” (p.90)
(1900-1940)
The City Beautiful Movement in the Age of Book – Hall:
Empires “The city of monuments” (p.202)
(1890s-1900s) Book – Aitken:
“Postcolonialism” (p.163)
City-in-the-Region Book – Hall:
“The city in the region” (p.149)
(1900-1940)
High Modernism: the rise of ‘Spatial Science’ Book – Kitchin:
“Positivistic geographies and spatial science”
(1940-1970) (p.23)
Book – Hall:
“The city of towers” (p.237)
Early Critiques of Modernism: theoretical Book – Henderson & Sheppard:
diversification & Praxis “Marx and the spirit of Marx” (p.64)
(1970-1980s) Article – Massey:
“General introduction”
Book – Dixon & Jones:
“Feminist geographies of difference, relation and
construction” (p.49)
The ‘Neoliberal Turn’ Article – Harvey (N.I.S.):
“From managerialism to entrepreneurialism: the
(1970-1980s) transformation in urban governance in late
capitalism”
(The Myth of Pruitt-Igoe)
(Spatial turn) Book – Hall:
“The city of enterprise” (p.414)
Postmodern Approaches Article – Soja:
“Thirdspace: Journeys to LA and other…”
(1980s-2010s)
Planning approaches emerging from the Article – Sorkin (N.I.S.):
Covid-19 Pandemic “The end(s) of urban design”
(2020-…) Article – Bruder (N.I.S.):
“The rubber tramp rendezvous”
1
,Inhoud
Literature................................................................................................................................. 6
Van der Grift (2013) – Socialist Utopian (#3).......................................................................6
Harvey (1989) – Neoliberalism (#9).....................................................................................6
Sorkin (2006) – Covid-19 (#10)............................................................................................6
Bruder (2017) – Covid-19 (#10)...........................................................................................6
Lecture #1 – Introduction to ASE (Olivier Kramsch)................................................................7
Edward Soja (1940-2015)....................................................................................................7
GPM ‘Theorie stroom’.......................................................................................................... 7
‘Approaches’ to space?.......................................................................................................7
What & how?....................................................................................................................... 7
Lecture #2 – The Sphinx in the City........................................................................................8
The power of (planning) history...........................................................................................8
The problem with modernist planning..................................................................................8
“Die Angst vor der Stadt”.....................................................................................................8
“The horror of the slums”, Jacob Riis...................................................................................8
“How the Other Half Lives” (1890).......................................................................................8
Spaces of Fear.................................................................................................................... 8
The Booth Survey (1898).....................................................................................................9
Progressive Housing Legislation..........................................................................................9
Progressive Housing Design: The Dumbbell Tenement.......................................................9
An ‘American’ Solution?.......................................................................................................9
‘Forgotten’ traditions? The Noir of Planning History.............................................................9
Lecture #3 – Social Utopian & Anarchist Geographer/Planners............................................10
Thomas More’s Utopia (1516)...........................................................................................10
“Planning as social mobilization” (Friedmann, 1987).........................................................10
Social Utopianism.............................................................................................................. 10
Charles Fourier (1772-1837)..............................................................................................10
Attraction industrielle.........................................................................................................10
Fourierist Phalanstere........................................................................................................10
Social Utopian Roots of Dutch Spatial Planning................................................................11
Anarchism.......................................................................................................................... 11
Pierre-Joseph Proudhon (1809-1865)................................................................................11
Pyotr Alexeyevich Kropotkin..............................................................................................12
Anarchist Regionalism.......................................................................................................12
Elisee Reclus (1830-1905).................................................................................................12
A New Role for ‘Science’?.................................................................................................12
Lecture #4 – The Garden City...............................................................................................13
Utopian spirit behind Gardening........................................................................................13
2
, The Dream of Ebenezer Howard.......................................................................................13
Howard’s Field of Political Friends.....................................................................................13
Political friendship.............................................................................................................. 13
Utopia Missed....................................................................................................................13
From Utopian Dream to Suburban Nightmare....................................................................14
Rejuvenated Beginnings....................................................................................................14
Digging New Grounds........................................................................................................14
Urban Gardening Multiplied...............................................................................................14
Urban Gardening as Common Sense Green Space Planning...........................................14
Kleve can do, too: Happy Beginnings................................................................................14
Reality Check.................................................................................................................... 14
Regional Food and Climate Change..................................................................................15
Lecture #5 – City Beautiful....................................................................................................16
Introduction........................................................................................................................ 16
Vision higher than other senses.........................................................................................16
Vision in relation to other senses.......................................................................................16
Eye and Architectural Practices.........................................................................................16
Built form and human behaviour........................................................................................16
Keeping the ‘ugly’ out of ‘the city beautiful’........................................................................17
Features............................................................................................................................ 17
Built form and human behaviour........................................................................................17
Urban planning as symbolic of ‘imperial visions’ across British Raj...................................17
Urban planning as ‘not seeing’ / ‘invisibilising’...................................................................17
Reading Urban Planning Ambivalences (tegenstrijdigheid)...............................................17
Critiques............................................................................................................................ 17
Lecture #6 – City-in-the-Region: The Birth of Regional Planning..........................................18
Sir Patrick Geddes (1854-1932)........................................................................................18
“Survey before plan”.......................................................................................................... 18
‘Geddes’ conurbation’........................................................................................................18
Regional Planning Association of America........................................................................18
RPAA’s Main Ideas............................................................................................................ 19
‘Intertown’.......................................................................................................................... 19
RPAA and New York.........................................................................................................19
Tennessee Valley Authority...............................................................................................19
Lecture #7 – High Modernism: Spatial Science.....................................................................20
Auguste Comte (1798-1857)..............................................................................................20
Impulses for Spatial Scientific Approach............................................................................20
‘Quantitative Revolution’....................................................................................................20
Central Place Theory.........................................................................................................20
3
, Time Geography................................................................................................................ 21
Life Path, Trajectory, Biography.........................................................................................21
Modernization Theory........................................................................................................21
War By Systems Analysis and Body Count Vietnam (1963-1975).....................................21
Lecture #8 – Early Critiques of Modernism: Theoretical Diversification & Praxis (1970-1980s)
.............................................................................................................................................. 22
Critical Context..................................................................................................................22
Katholieke Universiteit Nijmegen wordt bezet....................................................................22
Historical Materialism.........................................................................................................22
Space, Time, and Capitalism.............................................................................................22
Marxist Geography............................................................................................................ 22
World System Theory (Immanuel Wallerstein, 1930-2019)................................................22
Feminist Geographies: The Context..................................................................................23
Defining Gender................................................................................................................23
Gender as ‘Difference’.......................................................................................................23
Gender as a ‘Social Relation’.............................................................................................23
Gender as ‘Social Construct’.............................................................................................23
Dolores Hayden................................................................................................................. 23
Doreen Massey (1944-2016).............................................................................................23
Lecture #9 – The Postmodern Spatial Turn...........................................................................24
What was/is postmodernism (emerging in 70s-80s)?........................................................24
Heterotopia........................................................................................................................ 24
Hotel Bonaventure, Los Angeles, CA.................................................................................24
The Aleph.......................................................................................................................... 24
A postmodern ‘spatial turn’?..............................................................................................24
The production of space (Henri Lefebvre)..........................................................................24
Lefebvre’s spatial triad.......................................................................................................24
Thirdspace......................................................................................................................... 25
Gloria Anzaldua (1942-2004).............................................................................................25
‘Conciencia Mestiza’.......................................................................................................... 25
Lecture #10 – Approaches to Space in Pandemic Times......................................................26
Vue de ma fenêtre (Lefebvre)............................................................................................26
The Global Outlook in Times of Covid-19..........................................................................26
Framing Covid-19: the “China Virus”?................................................................................26
Labor Injustice in Covid-19 times.......................................................................................26
David Harvey..................................................................................................................... 26
Racial Injustice in Covid-19 times......................................................................................26
Gender Injustice in Covid-19 times....................................................................................26
Intergenerational Injustice in Covid-19 times.....................................................................26
Global Injustice in Times of Covid-19.................................................................................27
4
,Empty spaces due to Covid...............................................................................................27
Covid-19 as Chance for Spatial Injustice...........................................................................27
Health as a Universal Human Right...................................................................................27
Cities after Covid-19: The End of Synekism?.....................................................................27
Cities after Covid-19: Density vs. Public Health.................................................................27
Students as Force for Good?.............................................................................................28
5
,Literature
Van der Grift (2013) – Socialist Utopian (#3)
On New Land a New Society: Internal Colonization in the Netherlands, 1918-1940
Staatsprojecten gericht op technologische innovatie en sociale vernieuwing waren een
wijdverbreid fenomeen in het interbellum Europa. Dit wordt geïllustreerd door de praktijk van
interne kolonisatie – het bouwen van nieuwe nederzettingen binnen staatsgebieden – in
Nederland. In dit artikel wordt een dergelijk geval, de inpoldering en kolonisatie van de
Wieringermeer in de jaren dertig, uitgebreid besproken.
Daarbij onthult het dat het principe van staatsonthouding, dat gedurende het hele interbellum
gold, werd opgegeven op teruggewonnen land. Politici en experts zagen deze gebieden als
een schone lei waarop ze konden experimenteren met nieuwe vormen van
overheidsinterventie.
Dit artikel richt zich op het staatsbeleid van sociale planning en het technocratische bestuur
van teruggewonnen land, en onderzoekt of deze verzoend kunnen worden met
democratische noties van soevereiniteit en burgerschap in de hoofden van de planners, de
politici en, last but not least, de pioniers zelf.
Harvey (1989) – Neoliberalism (#9)
From Managerialism to Entrepreneurialism: The Transformation in Urban Governance
in Late Capitalism
In de afgelopen jaren is stedelijk bestuur steeds meer bezig geweest met het verkennen van
nieuwe manieren om lokale ontwikkeling en werkgelegenheidsgroei te stimuleren. Een
dergelijke ondernemende houding staat in contrast met de managementpraktijken van
eerdere decennia die zich voornamelijk richtten op de lokale levering van diensten,
voorzieningen en voordelen voor stedelijke bevolkingsgroepen.
Dit artikel onderzoekt de context van deze verschuiving van managerialisme naar
ondernemerschap in stedelijk bestuur en probeert te laten zien hoe mechanismen van
interstedelijke concurrentie de resultaten bepalen en macro-economische gevolgen
genereren. De relaties tussen stedelijke verandering en economische ontwikkeling komen
daarmee in beeld in een periode die wordt gekenmerkt door grote economische en politieke
instabiliteit.
“Managerial cities waren in de eerste plaats gericht op de lokale levering van diensten,
voorzieningen en voordelen voor de stedelijke bevolking, terwijl entrepreneurial cities in een
tijd van hevige interstedelijke concurrentie meer dan ooit tevoren moesten concentreren op
het aantrekken van investeringen en werkgelegenheid.”
Sorkin (2006) – Covid-19 (#10)
The End(s) of Urban Design
Het stedenbouwkundig ontwerp is op een dood spoor beland. Vervreemd van zowel een
substantieel theoretisch debat als van de levende realiteit van de exponentiële en
transformatieve groei van de steden in de wereld, bevindt het zich gevangen tussen
nostalgie en onvermijdelijkheid, en is het steeds minder in staat om op inventieve wijze de
morfologische, functionele en menselijke behoeften van steden en burgers het hoofd te
bieden.
Terwijl de taak in urgentie en complexiteit toeneemt, heeft de disciplinaire mainstreaming van
stadsontwerp het getransformeerd van een potentieel brede en hoopvolle conceptuele
categorie in een steeds rigidere, beperkende en saaie reeks orthodoxie.
Bruder (2017) – Covid-19 (#10)
The Rubber Tramp Rendezvous
Grootste bijeenkomst van nomaden.
6
, Lecture #1 – Introduction to ASE (Olivier Kramsch)
Edward Soja (1940-2015)
Thinking about space in relation to time & social order.
- Postmodern geographies (1989) The reassertion of space in critical social theory.
GPM ‘Theorie stroom’
- Approaches to Space & Environment (Sem. 2.1);
- Theorizing Spatial Practices (Sem. 2.2);
- Practicing Spatial Theories (Sem. 3.1).
‘Approaches’ to space?
From the late 19th century through the entire 20th century and ending in the beginning of the
21st century, where we live in now.
Discuss issues like…:
- Climate change;
- Economic growth and recession;
- Mass migration;
- Endless wars.
What & how?
- Online lectures & films + discussion sessions via Zoom (weeks 36-42);
- Zoom links available in course ‘announcement’ box;
- All lectures will be recorded and uploaded on Brightspace.
Work lectures:
- Voluntarily;
- Organized;
- Student working in groups of 5 (max).
Assignments:
- 3 assignments; meant to bring the theory ‘down to earth’. It applies the concepts to
the real world in 2021.
- ‘Fieldwork’ on Nijmegen-area urban planning projects, e.g. ’Ruimte voor de Rivier’.
Process:
- Present your progress/work in plenary sessions (on Zoom);
- Final student group portfolios (simply submit a PowerPoint on Brightspace);
- On-campus individual paper essay ‘open-book’ final exam.
o Open book = bring your printed notes, PPT, not your laptop, books, etc.
o Exam = 2 questions combining theory and practice in a creative way.
Grading:
- Group student portfolios = 50%.
- Final exam = 50%.
Readings:
- Cities of tomorrow by Peter Hall;
- Approaches to Human Geography by Stuart Aitken.
7
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