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Summary IBP Introduction to Psychology Focus questions chapters 5 and 6
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IBP Introduction to Psychology Focus questions chapters 5 and 6
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40. What aspects of a young fowl’s ability to follow its mother depend on learning, and how is that learning guided byinborn biases?
• A young fowl will recognise its mother from the head as well as its sound and is able to distinguish between
other organisms and their mother, but when presented with only one option to recognise as a mother they will
register them as their mother and follow them everywhere they go. A certain time after the hatching, the fowl
will not recognise anyone as their mother if they haven’t been presented with one so far. Even when they are
separated from their mothers in the egg and have been hatched in an incubator, they will be attracted to the
sound of their species, which indicates processes that are inborn and not learned – and called imprinting. After
they have registered one as their mother, they will follow it wherever it goes.
41. What is the Westermarck effect, and what evidence is there that it is based on early cohabitation?
• Westermarck effect→ the sexual aversion of genetic relatives or people that have been raised together. People
that don’t have any genetic relations but are raised together often have no incidences of sexual attraction or
intercourse; whereas people that have genetic relations but are separated when they were very young and meet
as adults often report a strong sexual attraction towards each other
Chapter 5:
1. What are three types of neurons, and what is the function of each?
• Sensory neurons→ impulses from sensory organ to CNS
• Motor neurons→ impulses from CNS to Muscles or glands
• Interneuron→Infro from one set of neurons to another within the CNS
2. What are the main parts common to all or most neurons, and what is the function of each part?
• Cell body→ contains nucleus and basic machinery to all cells
• Dendrites→ collect/receive sensory input
• Axons→ transmits messages to other cells or structures which they are connected to
3. How does the resting potential arise from the distribution of ions across the cell membrane?
• More -ve inside than outside results in electrical charge across membrane (-70mV) a resting potential is the
charge across the membrane
4. How do the two phases of the action potential (depolarization and repolarization) result from the successive
opening and closing of two kinds of channels in the cell membrane?
• Depolarization→channels open, allowing sodium to enter so it becomes more +ve inside the membrane
than outside
• Repolarization→Channels close so sodium cannot enter, potassium is repelled so it becomes more -ve
inside than outside
5. How is an axon’s conduction speed related to its diameter and to the presence or absence of a myelin sheath?
• Diameter→the larger the diameter the faster the conduction speed as there is less resistance
• Myelin sheath→myelin sheath insulates therefore increasing the conduction speed
6. How do neurotransmitters at excitatory and inhibitory synapses affect the rate at which action potentials are
produced in the postsynaptic neuron?
• Excitatory→open sodium channels cause depolarisation which increases the rate of action potentials
triggered
• Inhibitory→open potassium channels cause hyperpolarisation therefore decreases the rate of action
potentials triggered
7. When are most neurons “born” and when do they begin to form synapses?
, • Most neurons are born during the third and fourth months of gestation with a rate of several hundred
thousand new neurons each minute.
• Around the fifth month of conception, neurons grow in size, produce more dendrites and axons and axon
terminals start connecting to neurons, forming synapses.
8. How does the metaphor of sculpting apply to brain development?
• Brain development could be considered similar to a sculptor having a block of marble that he chiselled
down to an artistic creation that is less in amount of material but superior in aesthetic and function. Our
brains go through a similar process, in which through the creation and connection of new neurons and their
connections, as well as some neurons and connections dying off, it reaches its optimal state.
9. What role might mirror neurons play in social learning?
• Mirror neurons are found out to enable us to follow, memorize, learn and imitate another one’s actions as
well as recognize our own behaviour in others. our perceptions through mirror neurons contribute to our
emotional expressions, constitute an identification with others through language, expressions etc.
10. How do researchers identify functions of areas of the human brain through (a) studying the effects of brain
damage, (b) using a magnetic field to interrupt normal brain activity, (c) recording electrical activity that passes
through the skull and scalp, and (d) creating images that depict patterns of blood flow?
a) by comparing the areas of the brain that have been damaged in different patients and assessing the deficits
that have occurred, can estimate the function of a brain area.
b) Researchers can also use magnetic field to inactivate or activate parts of the cerebral cortex and observe the
bodily or cognitive effects of the magnetic field on a specific portion of the cerebral cortex.
c) it is possible to use EEG to record the electrical activity throughout the brain which is reflected onto the
skull and scalp. The electrodes placed enable the researchers to observe the activities of the brain in different
moments or during the completion of different tasks.
d) more brain activity means more blood flow to that area, scientists are able to use different substances and
techniques to determine the flow and accumulation of blood throughout the brain and assess the amount of
work that has been put to a specific area of the brain in any given moment.
11. How do researchers damage, stimulate, and record from neurons in specific areas of nonhuman animal brains
to learn about the functions of those brain areas?
• Researchers can determine the functions of different parts of the brain by deliberately damaging or
destroying some nerve bundles in the brain using very precise electrical and chemical instruments. They
can vary the exact location of the destruction of nerves and then compare the behavioural changes of
subjects to correlate the location of the brain with the function they seem to serve.
• different parts of the animals’ brain can be stimulated by electrical or chemicals means to determine the
effects of activation of different parts of the brain on the animal’s behaviour and drives. By placing very
precise tools inside a rat’s brain, it is possible to determine the actions of the neurons in different conditions.
12. How do the autonomic and somatic motor systems differ from one another in function? How do the sympathetic
and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic system differ from one another in function?
• Somatic→ acts on skeletal muscles connected to bones to move the skeleton while contracting.
• Autonomic→ controls the visceral muscles and glands that are on the insides of our body and do not move
the skeleton while contracting
• Sympathetic→ part of the autonomic responsible for managing stressful events and increasing visceral
muscle activity, prepare the rest of the body, for an event that requires action
• Parasympathetic→part of the autonomic, responsible for energy conserving and healing activities
13. What are three categories of functions of the spinal cord?
1) the spinal cord carries the somatosensory information and motor control commands through ascending and
descending tracts between the body and the brain.
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