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Samenvatting Mensenrechten Rechten
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Samenvatting Mensenrechten Rechten
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lOMoARcPSD|11911780Mensenrechten
Inhoudsopgave
I. DEFINITIE, KENMERKEN EN SOORTEN MENSENRECHTEN............................................................................5
1. DEFINITIE.............................................................................................................................................................................................5
2. KENMERKEN........................................................................................................................................................................................5
3. SOORTEN MENSENRECHTEN.............................................................................................................................................................6
A. Burgerlijke rechten...............................................................................................................................6
B. Politieke rechten...................................................................................................................................6
C. Economische, sociale en culturele rechten..........................................................................................6
D. Collectieve en solidariteitsrechten.......................................................................................................6
II. HISTORIEK VAN DE MENSENRECHTEN...........................................................................................................7
1. RELIGIEUZE BASIS...............................................................................................................................................................................7
2. FILOSOFISCHE BASIS...........................................................................................................................................................................7
3. JURIDISCHE EVOLUTIE......................................................................................................................................................................10
4. PROBLEMEN MET BETREKKING TOT RECHTEN EN VERPLICHTINGEN...........................................................................................12
5. GEVECHTEN VOOR RECHTEN...........................................................................................................................................................13
6. WERELDOORLOG I.........................................................................................................................................15
7. INTERBELLUM...................................................................................................................................................................................18
8. EVOLUTIES INZAKE MENSENRECHTEN TOT MEDIO 20STE EEUW EN DAARNA ...........................................................................18
9. VERDERE EVOLUTIE MENSENRECHTEN..........................................................................................................................................19
10. WENEN 1993.........................................................................................................................................20
III. BRONNEN, KARAKTER EN REIKWIJDTE, IMPLEMENTATIE EN BEPERKINGEN VAN MENSENRECHTEN.....20
1. WAT ZIJN DE BRONNEN VAN DE HEDENDAAGSE MENSENRECHTEN?......................................................................20
2. HOE KOMT EEN MENSENRECHTENVERDRAG TOT STAND?.....................................................................................20
3. WAAR VINDEN WE DE GENERATIES VAN MENSENRECHTEN IN TERUG?...................................................................21
4. HOE WORDEN MENSENRECHTENVERDRAG GEÏNTERPRETEERD..................................................................................................21
5. HOE WORDEN MENSENRECHTEN GEÏMPLEMENTEERD.................................................................................................................22
6. STAATSAANSPRAKELIJKHEID VERSUS INDIVIDUELE AANSPRAKELIJKHEID?................................................................22
7. WELKE VERPLICHTINGEN BESTAAN ER IN KADER VAN MENSENRECHTEN..................................................................................22
8. (EXTRA)TERRITORIALE WERKING VAN MENSENRECHTEN?....................................................................................23
9. WELKE BEPERKINGEN BESTAAN ER IN HET KADER VAN MENSENRECHTEN?.............................................................24
10. WAAROM AANVAARDEN STATEN MENSENRECHTENVERPLICHTINGEN?.............................................................25
IV. KRITIEKEN OP MENSENRECHTEN.................................................................................................................26
V. WERELDWIJDE BESCHERMINGEN DOOR DE VERENIGDE NATIES...............................................................27
A. VN – Convenants................................................................................................................................29
B. De Verenigde Naties als Mensenrechtenactoren..............................................................................30
a. Mensenrechtensystemen wereldwijd..........................................................................................................30
C. VN-Handvest en Mensenrechten.......................................................................................................30
D. Mensenrechten-tracks binnen VN-Systeem......................................................................................30
E. VN-organen en Mensenrechten.........................................................................................................31
a. Algemene vergadering (UNGA)....................................................................................................................31
b. Economische en Sociale Raad.......................................................................................................................32
c. VN – Veiligheidsraad.....................................................................................................................................32
d. Secretariaat en Secretaris – Generaal..........................................................................................................33
e. Internationaal Hof van Justitie.....................................................................................................................34
f. VN Hoge Commissaris voor de mensenrechten...........................................................................................34
g. Mensenrechtenraad.....................................................................................................................................36
i. Special Procedures...................................................................................................................................38
1) Thematische procedures....................................................................................................................39
2) Landenprocedures..............................................................................................................................39
3) Toetsstenen........................................................................................................................................39
4) Werkmethodes...................................................................................................................................39
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5) Evaluatie Special Procedures.............................................................................................................41
ii. Universal Periodic Review.......................................................................................................................42
1) Doelstellingen.....................................................................................................................................42
2) UPR – Cyclus.......................................................................................................................................42
3) Toetsstenen........................................................................................................................................42
4) Informatiebronnen.............................................................................................................................42
5) Eigenlijke review................................................................................................................................43
6) Onmiddellijke follow – up van de review..........................................................................................43
7) Implementatie van resultaten...........................................................................................................44
8) Uitdagingen UPR................................................................................................................................44
9) Algemene uitdagingen Mensenrechtenraad.....................................................................................45
F. Charter-based mechanismen.............................................................................................................45
G. Treaty-based mechanismen...............................................................................................................45
a. Verdragen..................................................................................................................................................... 45
b. Optionele Protocollen of OP.........................................................................................................................46
c. Toezichtsorganen..........................................................................................................................................46
d. Tools ter beschikking van Treaty bodies......................................................................................................46
i. Rapportageprocedure.............................................................................................................................47
ii. Individuele klachtenprocedure...............................................................................................................49
iii. Onderzoeksprocedure.............................................................................................................................51
iv. Schrijven van General Comments of General Recommendations..........................................................51
v. Uitdagingen VN Treaty – Based Systeem................................................................................................53
VI. REGIONALE MENSENRECHTENBESCHERMING BUITEN EUROPA; DE AMERIKA’S, AFRIKA EN AZIË..........54
1. REGIONALE ORGANISATIE IN DE AMERIKA’S EN MENSENRECHTEN...........................................................................................55
A. Organisatie van Amerikaanse Staten of OAS....................................................................................55
a. Mensenrechteninstrumenten.......................................................................................................................55
2. (SUB)REGIONALE ORGANISATIES IN AFRIKA EN MENSENRECHTEN............................................................................................57
A. Afrikaanse Unie of AU........................................................................................................................57
a. Mensenrechteninstrumenten.......................................................................................................................57
B. Sub – regionale organisaties in Afrika...............................................................................................58
3. SUB – REGIONALE ORGANISATIES IN AZIË EN MENSENRECHTEN...............................................................................................58
A. Associatie van Zuid – Oost Aziatische Naties ASEAN........................................................................58
a. Mensenrechteninstrumenten.......................................................................................................................58
4. REGIONALE ORGANISATIES IN ARABISCHE WERELD EN MENSENRECHTEN...............................................................................59
A. Liga van Arabische Landen.................................................................................................................59
a. Mensenrechteninstrumenten.......................................................................................................................59
B. Organisatie van Islamitische Samenwerking OIC..............................................................................60
a. Mensenrechteninstrumenten.......................................................................................................................60
VII. HET EUROPEES VERDRAG EN HET EUROPEES HOF VOOR DE RECHTEN VAN DE MENS........................61
1. EUROPESE ORGANISATIES..............................................................................................................................................................62
A. Onderscheid 3 organen.......................................................................................................................63
B. Belangrijkste organen Raad van Europa...........................................................................................64
2. MENSENRECHTENINSTRUMENTEN.................................................................................................................................................65
3. TOEZICHTORGANEN.........................................................................................................................................................................68
4. TOEZICHTMETHODES.......................................................................................................................................................................69
5. EINDCONCLUSIES.............................................................................................................................................................................72
6. EUROPEES HOF VOOR DE RECHTEN VAN DE MENS.....................................................................................................................73
A. Rechten en plichten............................................................................................................................73
a. Rechten......................................................................................................................................................... 73
b. Plichten......................................................................................................................................................... 75
B. Horizontale werking...........................................................................................................................77
C. Beperkingen........................................................................................................................................78
D. Indienen van een klacht......................................................................................................................80
E. Samenstelling van het Hof.................................................................................................................81
F. Procedure voor het Hof.......................................................................................................................82
G. Interpretatiemethodes van het Hof...................................................................................................88
H. Sterktes en zwaktes............................................................................................................................88
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