In this document, all diseases that you need to study for the exam are summarized. Each disease has info on what is is (virus/bacterium/parasite), what it causes, diagnosis, transmission, incubation period/period of communicability, occurrence and distribution, prevention and control, treatment and...
Containment Strategies Disease
List
Trachoma Influenza
Ebola
Gastroenteritis Pertussis
Dengue
1. Cholera Diphteria
Yellow Fever
Hepatites A Menigococcol Menigitis
Malaria
Poliomyelitis Haemophilis Influenza
Leishmaniasis
Beef and Pork Pneumococcal disease
Tapeworms Plague
Chlamydia
Hookworms Lyme Disease
Genital herpes
Schistosomiasis Rabies
Human Papilloma Virus
Measles Toxoplasmosis
HIV
Leprosy Brucellosis
Hepatitis B
Acute Respiratory
Infections (ARI) Hepatitis C
Trachoma – Chlamydia Trachomatis – Diseases of poor
hygiene
What is it (virus, bacterium, parasite, worm)?
- Features of both bacterium and virus,
microorganism.
What does it cause – disease with clinical features
such as fatality, morbidity, common symptoms.
- Major cause of blindness
- First sign is red eye
- In a later stadium, when non-infectious,
scarring takes places because the eyelashes turn inward and rub on the eye (called
Trichiasis) causes damage to cornea leading to scarring and blindness (at school
age)
- Often further complicated by secondary infection
Diagnosis – only when very important in control, and when it is very easy or just very
difficult.
1
, - Based on clinical grounds
- Can be confirmed by finding inclusion bodies in scrapings taken from conjunctiva
(=bindvlies van het oog)
Transmission – important routes of transmission between people (e.g., airborne, waterborne,
vector borne, etc.).
- Poor sanitary conditions combination of close contact and dirty conditions
encourage transmission
- Human-human transmission
- Flies
- Wiping away secretions with towels which are then used by others is typical for
transmission
Incubation period and period of communicability – only in general terms, and in relation to
control (e.g., infectious when no symptoms? Direct transmission between people or only
through vector? Very long incubation period?).
- Incubation period - 5-12 days
- Period of communicability = as long as active lesions are present
o After treatment, 2-3 days, and infectivity ceases
Occurrence and distribution – where in the world? Widely spread? Prevalence? Endemic or
epidemic?
- Mainly dry regions of the world (Africa, South America, semi-Desert regions of Asia)
- Very old disease
- In endemic areas 80-90% of children are infected by age 3
- Elimination program by WHO
Prevention and control – understand the most important elements.
- Usage of water to wash away secretions and clean clothes and surroundings most
effective
- Face washing reduces risk
- Improve sanitation and provide water supplies
Treatment – are treatments available, which and how? Are vaccines available and useful?
- Mass treatment is preferable, since almost everyone is infected in endemic areas
- Antibiotics at schools or at home (households is where transmission takes places)
- Preventing blindness is easily done with surgery to evert the eyelashes
Surveillance – feasible, in relation to control?
- After the initial survey, follow-up surveys should be conducted at regular intervals.
This is most easily done in primary schools.
2. Gastroenteritis = buikgriep – Fecal-
Oral disease
What is it (virus, bacterium, parasite, worm)?
- Common form of diarrhea – mainly children
2
, - Endemic in developing countries, seasonal epidemics
- Attempts to find specific organism are often unsuccessful and not essential since
management and control are the same
- Strains of E. Coli and enteric viruses are the main organism
- Rotavirus and Campylobacter are major causes
- Norovirus is common cause of epidemics
What does it cause – disease with clinical features such as fatality, morbidity, common
symptoms.
- Diarrhea, occasional vomiting
- NEVER the rice-water stool characteristic of cholera (always fecal material)
- Water and electrolytes are lost causes depletion leading to death
- Normally self-limiting condition but in unhygienic surroundings repeated infections
occur leading to chronic loss of nutrients
- Mortality decreases with age
Diagnosis – only when very important in control, and when it is very easy or just very
difficult.
- Clinical criteria
- DNA probes, not cheap enough
Transmission – important routes of transmission between people (e.g., airborne, waterborne,
vector borne, etc.).
- Epidemics occur in families or groups of kids sharing surrounding
- Often seasonal (beginning of the rains)
- Transmission by water boiling water can stop the epidemic
- Improperly sterilized babies’ bottles are a common method of infecting the
neonate
Incubation period and period of communicability – only in general terms, and in relation to
control (e.g., infectious when no symptoms? Direct transmission between people or only
through vector? Very long incubation period?).
- Incubation period = 12-72h (generally 48h)
- Period of communicability = 8-10 days
Occurrence and distribution – where in the world? Widely spread? Prevalence? Endemic or
epidemic?
- Found throughout the world, especially in developing countries, and in conditions
of poor hygiene
Prevention and control – understand the most important elements.
- Promotion of breastfeeding main
- Use of ORS in the community main
- Improvement of water supply and sanitation long-term measure
- Promoting personal and domestic hygiene
- Vaccination (rotavirus) cholera vaccine 60% effective against enterotoxigenic E.
Coli. Other vaccination for polio and measles reduces severity of gastroenteritis.
- Fly control
3
, Treatment – are treatments available, which and how? Are vaccines available and useful?
- Replacement of fluids and electrolytes using ORS
- Teaching the mothers how to make ORS solutions could be very helpful
- Contraindication for antibiotic use
Surveillance – feasible, in relation to control?
- Monitoring the weather can provide early warning of an impending outbreak
3. Cholera – Vibrio Cholerae – Fecal/Oral disease
What is it (virus, bacterium, parasite, worm)?
- Caused by V. Cholerae 01 (recent epidemic caused
by El Tor biotype) = bacterium
o 0139 Bengal (variant strain of El Tor)
Asia
o El Tor producing toxin of classical stain
(ETEC)
What does it cause – disease with clinical features such as
fatality, morbidity, common symptoms.
- Profound diarrhea of rapid onset leading to dehydration and death
- Rice-water stool watery and flecked with mucus
- Vomiting can be present in early stages
- Blood group O associated with more severe cholera
- ‘Blue death’
Diagnosis – only when very important in control, and when it is very easy or just very
difficult.
- V. Cholerae can be identified from diarrheal discharge, vomitus, or rectal swab
- Dipstick rapid diagnostic test is available
Transmission – important routes of transmission between people (e.g., airborne, waterborne,
vector borne, etc.).
- Water transmission classical cholera
- Water and food transmission El Tor
- Epidemic cholera is transmitted by water endemic cholera by food
- May appear in seasonal pattern
- Similar pattern of gastroenteritis and cholera, only gastroenteritis counts more
cases
- 1 clinical case 100 asymptomatic cases
- V. cholerae is present in sewages and river water, hard to isolate enough
- Person-person spread not as important
Incubation period and period of communicability – only in general terms, and in relation to
control (e.g., infectious when no symptoms? Direct transmission between people or only
through vector? Very long incubation period?).
4
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