Thema 1: Het zenuwstelsel I en zintuigen. Een complete samenvatting van alle tentamenstof!
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Course
3.1.1 Zenuwstelsel I En Zintuigen
Institution
Rijksuniversiteit Groningen (RuG)
Op aanraden van mijn medestudenten verkoop ik nu mijn samenvattingen! In deze samenvatting maak ik veel gebruik van afbeeldingen, tabellen en opsommingen. Hierdoor hoef je geen lange lappen saaie en ingewikkelde tekst te lezen. In deze samenvatting staat alle stof van de boeken, colleges en leerdoe...
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Week 1: Loss of muscle strength ............................................................................................................. 7
Anatomy .............................................................................................................................................. 7
The peripheral nervous system ....................................................................................................... 7
Muscles ............................................................................................................................................ 9
Joints of the spinal column .............................................................................................................. 9
Meninges ....................................................................................................................................... 10
Spinal cord ..................................................................................................................................... 11
The autonomic nervous system .................................................................................................... 17
Membrane potentials and action potentials..................................................................................... 18
Basic physics of membrane potential............................................................................................ 18
Neuron action potential ................................................................................................................ 18
Signal transmission in nerve trunks............................................................................................... 20
Contraction of skeletal muscle .......................................................................................................... 21
General mechanism of muscle contraction................................................................................... 21
Energetics of muscle contraction .................................................................................................. 22
Excitation of skeletal muscle: neuromuscular transmission ............................................................. 23
The nervous system and muscles ...................................................................................................... 24
Structure ........................................................................................................................................ 24
Visualising the peripheral nervous system .................................................................................... 26
The nerve ....................................................................................................................................... 26
Physiology ...................................................................................................................................... 27
The muscle..................................................................................................................................... 28
Physiological measurements of the central nervous system: ....................................................... 31
Causes of neurological diseases .................................................................................................... 32
Strength and sensation ..................................................................................................................... 33
The spinal reflex ............................................................................................................................ 33
Sensory feeling .............................................................................................................................. 35
Central sensory pathways ............................................................................................................. 35
Segmentation of the spinal cord ................................................................................................... 36
Clinically relevant reflexes ............................................................................................................. 37
Examination of the motor and sensory system............................................................................. 37
Non-organic disorders ................................................................................................................... 40
Neuromuscular disorders .................................................................................................................. 41
Classification .................................................................................................................................. 41
Diagnostics..................................................................................................................................... 41
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, Muscular diseases ......................................................................................................................... 42
Congenital muscular diseases ....................................................................................................... 43
Acquired muscular diseases .......................................................................................................... 45
Diseases of the neuromuscular junction ....................................................................................... 46
Disorders of motor neurons, nerve roots and peripheral nerves ..................................................... 48
Signs and symptoms ...................................................................................................................... 48
Diseases of the nerve cell body ..................................................................................................... 49
Disorders of the nerve root ........................................................................................................... 50
Mononeuropathy .......................................................................................................................... 51
Polyneuropathies .......................................................................................................................... 52
Hereditary neuropathies ............................................................................................................... 54
Week 2: Impaired sensibility ................................................................................................................. 55
Anatomy ................................................................................................................................................ 55
Innervation of the pelvis ............................................................................................................... 55
Lumbosacral plexus ....................................................................................................................... 56
Innervation of the lower extremity ............................................................................................... 58
Brachial plexus............................................................................................................................... 63
Innervation of the upper extremity............................................................................................... 64
Embryological background of innervation patterns ...................................................................... 68
Nerve compression........................................................................................................................ 70
General design of the nervous system .............................................................................................. 75
Central nervous system synapses ................................................................................................. 75
Electrical events during neuronal excitation ................................................................................. 75
Sensory receptors, neuronal circuits for processing information ..................................................... 77
Classification of nerve fibres ......................................................................................................... 78
Transmission and processing of signals in neuronal pools............................................................ 78
Somatic sensations: I. General organisation, the tactile and position senses .................................. 79
Detection and transmission of tactile sensations ......................................................................... 79
The dorsal column-medial lemniscal system (DC-ML system) ...................................................... 79
Anterolateral pathway .................................................................................................................. 81
Somatic sensations: II. Pain, Headache and Thermal sensations ...................................................... 83
Pain suppression: “analgesia” ....................................................................................................... 83
Clinical abnormalities of pain and other somatic sensations ........................................................ 83
Headache ....................................................................................................................................... 84
Thermal sensation ......................................................................................................................... 84
Motor functions of the spinal cord ................................................................................................... 85
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, Muscle spindle ............................................................................................................................... 85
Golgi tendon organ ........................................................................................................................ 86
Neurological pain syndromes ............................................................................................................ 87
Pain in the neck and arm ............................................................................................................... 87
Pain in back and leg ....................................................................................................................... 88
Pain in the trunk ............................................................................................................................ 90
Complex regional pain syndrome .................................................................................................. 90
Diseases of the spinal cord ................................................................................................................ 91
Loss of function due to spinal injury ............................................................................................. 92
Traumatic spinal cord injuries ....................................................................................................... 93
Spinal cord compression due to non-traumatic causes ................................................................ 94
Myelopathy without spinal cord compression .............................................................................. 95
Week 3: Dizziness The sense of hearing ............................................................................................... 96
Tympanic membrane and the ossicular system + the cochlea ..................................................... 96
Central auditory mechanisms........................................................................................................ 96
Vestibular sensation and maintenance of equilibrium ..................................................................... 97
Anatomy, physiology and immunology of the nose, paranasal sinuses and face ............................. 99
Anatomy ........................................................................................................................................ 99
Nasal mucosa............................................................................................................................... 101
Physiology .................................................................................................................................... 102
Diseases of the nose, paranasal sinuses and face ........................................................................... 104
Nosebleeds .................................................................................................................................. 104
Inflammations of the nasal cavity ............................................................................................... 104
Sinus inflammations .................................................................................................................... 104
Anatomy and physiology of the ear ................................................................................................ 106
Anatomy ...................................................................................................................................... 106
Central auditory system .............................................................................................................. 108
The cochlea.................................................................................................................................. 108
Audiology......................................................................................................................................... 111
Basic principles of audiometry .................................................................................................... 112
Audiologic examination ............................................................................................................... 113
Behavioural audiometric testing ................................................................................................. 114
Objective hearing tests ................................................................................................................ 115
The external ear .............................................................................................................................. 116
Anatomy ...................................................................................................................................... 116
Non-inflammatory diseases and injuries to the external ear ...................................................... 117
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