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VU Amsterdam European History 500-1500 full summary
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full summary for European History 500-1500 (VU Amsterdam History and International Studies Year 1 mandatory course)
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Week 1: The Establishment of 5. Hierarchy of the Church(1) Patriarch (pope=bishop of Rome)
Christianity (important cities=Rome,
1. Timeline Constantinople, Alexandrea,
Anitoch)
311 Christianity officially permitted
312 Constantine’s mysterious conversion on eve of (2) Archbishop(big cities) (Augustine)
battle of Milvian Bridge
(3) Bishop(diocese): civil administration
313 Edict of Milan (civitas)
363 Emperor Julian the Apostate (return to Roman
Gods)
(4) Parish Priest: administration of
379-395 Theodosius 1 made Christianity as a state sacraments, from local population,
religion going into each monastery
380 explicit call to convert to Christianity (everyone needs at least 1 person to
administer sacraments)
393-4 ban to Olympics, closure of temple of Apollo
400 first heathen martyrs fell (stoned by Christians) Cardinals, curia: “the locked up” for the
decision of the popes, very close to
government, local nobility
2. Ethics of Christians
- Militantes pro Deo (fight for God) Clergies, monks: practicing sacraments
- Filli ecclesiae (sons of the church) (physical manifestation)
- Candidate of a clergy = shave the crown of
the head(tonsure), based on canon law,
3. Theocratic Beliefs celibacy, privilegium fori, privilegium
- Caesaropapist: the secular ruler is the immunitatis
highest ruler - Important for people’s ‘salvation’ -> by
- Hieocratic: spiritual authority is the primary performing sacraments (forgive sins)
(Constantine, Theodosius 1)
- Dualism: separating spiritual and secular as Saint: (martyrs, determined witnesses,
two autonomous spheres (Gelasuis 1) already won victories, 2 miracles,
- Doctrine of the two swords, clear division canonization, going through trial with devil
advocate, resides in heaven after death) =
mediators of God and human (legal
4. Christian Doctrine procedures –lawyers- were important to
- Creation / fall / incarnation / redemption judge these procedures)
(cruxification and resurrection) / second
coming of Christ (last judgement)
6. West Papal States
- Pope = new ally and protector of the Franks
(Carolingians)
1
, (ex) Pope Zachary recognized the mayor 9. Monasticism
Pippin as the ruler (751) - Vows of monks: poverty, obedience,
- An alienation between the West and the chastity (asceticism in solitude, withdrawn
East until reunification in 1450. from the world, in small communities)
- Monastic life: wisdom, spiritual freedom,
7. Material Wealth of the Church preserving sacraments, de-secularization,
- Proprietary church system (private obedience to the abbot, praying for the
foundations, separate institutions that people, put souls in purgatory, communal
constitute church, aristocracy) activities (prayer, eating, fasting)
- Levying tithes (1/10)
Ex1) Benedictines (the ‘stabilitas’): based on
Benedict of Norcia (485-560), work and pray, stay
in one community and obey, Pope Gregory
7. Ordinations of the Church Ex2) Peregrinatio(Irish): going outside (exile) to
preach and deliver the word of god, influenced the
= by practicing the seven sacraments, you
Frankish people
culminate into priest or bishop
Eucharist (priest): transubstantiation,
confirmed in the 4th Lateran Council,
communion yearly obligatory
10. Orthodoxy and Heterodoxy
Baptism (priest, deacon)
- Fathers of the Church: Ambrose, Jerome,
Confession (priest)
Augustine, Gregory
Confirmation (bishop)
- Vulgate: Latin translation of bible made by
Ordination (bishop)
Gregory the Great, Jerome, Istrian
Extreme unction (priest)
- St. Augustine(354-430): the “Confessions”,
Marriage(contractants)
“The City of God”(410)
(1) The Trinity
8. Church Councils
- The relationship of father and son
= decisions made in synods or councils
Arius(Arianism): Jesus is not god but the
= Carolingian rulers made through
first of all creatures
capitularies (from secular administration)
Orthodox(C. of Nicea): son=father
(1) Council of Nicea (325): holy trinity, one+
Homoiousios = two similar beings
holy catholic and apostolic
Homoousios= one being
(2) First General Church Council(649):
- The holy spirit
Lateran in Rome, church discipline and
Debate of filioque (= ‘and from the son’,
organization, reforms
1054 Eastern Schism, east vs west)
(2) The Nature of Christ
- Incarnation, relation of god and human
Christ
Nestorians: 2 people, 2 nature
2
, Monophysitism: 1 person, 1 nature Ex) Columba, Willibrod,
Orthodox: 1 person, 2 natures (C. of Efesus Boniface(supported by the Franks) to
432 & Chalcedom 451) spread Christianity to Saxons
(3) The Nature of Church Use of force (= the ‘doopbelofte)
Donatism: purity is the central, no value of Top-down movement
the sacraments made by the ‘unclean’ (<-> Took long time, gradual conversion
intrinsic values of sacraments are more Politics involved, superficial faith
important) set backs (Bonifactus 754), syncretism
Pelegians: view of man’s free will and divine
grace, viewed man’s freedom of choice
curtailed by social circumstances (<-> 13. Christianisation and Syncretism
mankind is tainted by original sin) - slow, imperfect, social/mental penetration
- ambivalent attitude in use of force, text
essentials in Latin
11. The Iconoclast Controversy - Syncretism
- Destruction of icons, supported by ex) designation of time, identification of
conservative Christian communities, heathen gods, Christian saints and rites,
stimulated by success of Islam practices in magic or superstition
- Leo 3 (717-741) & Constantine 5: permitted ex) Heiland (old German Epos): translation
the bishops to destroy things of gospel, written Christ as a knightly figure,
- Iconoclasm become orthodoxy in 730- related to local culture
780/813-843 (Byzantine empire) ex) purgatory: built in 12th century
- Ended up renounced by the Byzantine
empire
12. Spread of Christianity
- Christianity always aiming at expansion
(1) Bishops appointed to Christian
communities (diplomatic actions)
ex) St. Patrick in Ireland
(2) Political insights
ex) Clovis (King of Franks, 466-511):
needed support of t
he Gallo-Roman elites=Church, linked
with military action
(3) Conversion of elites
: the conversion of Clovis (496) affected
the people, local population merge with
the elites and all become converted to
Catholic,
(4) Irish & Anglo Saxon Monks
3
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