Class notes
Human Performance ATPL Theoretical Key Notes
- Course
- Institution
Human Performance ATPL Theoretical Key Notes//Need to Know for the associate exam
[Show more]
Seller
Follow
AsimEres
Content preview
, • Fault – Good Action, Wrong Intention • Active – Errors with immediate consequence• Slip – Wrong Action, Good Intention • Latent – Caused by circumstance or
• Currently 1 accident per million movements • Omission – Forgetting to do something surroundings and not directly obvious
• This makes aviation the safest mode of • Commission – Doing something you
transport shouldn’t
• GPWS has been the biggest contributor to • Substitution – Similar to a slip
safety so far
• Pilot error makes up 70% of accidents Threats → Errors → UAS
through lack of good judgement • Threat – External factor beyond flight crew
• Is a subset of national culture influence
• 1 in 1000 times is a good human error rate
• Just - Genuine mistakes are not punished • Error – Internal factors (action/inaction)
• Reporting – Mistakes are reported • Undesired Aircraft State – Unintended
• Informed – Mistake reports are assessed situation causing reduced safety margins
• Has the correct Knowledge, Skills and • Learning – Action is taken on gathered data
Attitudes (KSA) • Flexible – Must be flexible in implementing
• Everyone is responsible for safety as solutions • Environmental – Weather, ATC…
individuals, not just pilots
• Organizational – Operational Pressures,
Manual Error…
• Open Culture – People can share their
knowledge/thoughts
• Closed Culture – No incentive/fear towards • Communication – Missed ATC call…
sharing • Aircraft Handling – Incorrect Config…
• Procedural – Missed SOP/Wrong Callout…
• Ground Navigation – Wrong Taxiway…
• Software – Non-physical aspects like • Aircraft Handling – Unstable Approach,
checklists/SOPs Outside Limits…
• Hardware – All solid objects around the • Incorrect Config – Flight Controls, Mass and
liveware like the aircraft Balance…
• Environment – The varying factors through
• For an accident to happen, multiple active
which the aircraft is operated
and latent failures must line-up such that
• Liveware – The pilot and other people (x2) • Hard – Already in place
layers of safety barriers (the cheese slices)
are ineffective • Soft – Utilizes the KSA of the flight crew
, • Henrys Law – Quantity of gas dissolved into
• 78% Nitrogen, 21% Oxygen and 1% Rare liquid is proportional to the partial pressure 1.Nitrogen absorbed into blood
Gases (0.03% Carbon Dioxide) 2.Pressure reduces
• Proportions constant until 100km 3.Nitrogen bubbles form
• Pain will result from trapped gas – 4.This creates blockages potentially leading to
‘Dysbarism’
tissue death
Key Pressures: • Occurs in the stomach, ears, sinuses and • Caused by Henrys Law
• 760 mmHg at Sea Level teeth
• 380 mmHg at ½ Pressure (18,000ft) • Caused by Boyles Law
• 190 mmHg at ¼ Pressure (34,000ft)
• Joints – “Bends” – Deep pain in large joints
Key Lapse Rates:
▪ This is the primary symptom
• 27ft/hPa up to 18,000ft • Occurs in the stomach
• Skin Capillaries – “Creeps” – Intense itching
• 50ft/hPa above this • Severe pain possible above 25,000ft
• Lungs – “Chokes” – Chest pain
• Relieved by belching, passing flatus
• Brain – “Staggers” – Neurological problems
(farting) and descending
• These symptoms may not be immediate
• 2°C per 1,000ft up to 36,000ft (-56.5°C)
• Isothermal above this
• Occurs in the ear
• Eustachian tube balances pressure • Unlikely below 14,000ft
• MSL-10,000ft – Physiological Zone • Harder to equalise pressure in the descent • Most likely above 18,000ft (unpressurised)
• 10-60,000ft – Physiological Deficient Zone • Relieved by yawning, swallowing, Valsalva • Significant increase in risk above 25,000ft
• 60,000ft+ - Space Equivalent Zone or Frenzel manoeuvre • Scuba diving, obesity and age are risk factors
• Can result in ear drum rupture
• Charles Law – Volume ∝ Temperature • Shallow Dive – 12 Hour Flight Ban
(Constant Pressure) • Can be blocked by infection/cold • >30ft – 24 Hour Flight Ban
• Boyles Law – Pressure ∝ 1/Temperature • Prevents air equalization • Snorkeling presents no problem
(Constant Temperature) • Climbing means the pressure can’t escape • Doing exercise does not prevent DCS
• General Gas Law - PV⁄T = Constant • Descending creates a vacuum
• This cannot be relieved
• Daltons Law – In a mixture, total pressure is
the sum of the partial pressures
• Ficks Law – Rate of diffusion depends on
• Occurs in the teeth
Surface Area, Differential Pressure and
• Trapped gas expands when climbing
Membrane Thickness
• Relieved by descending
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller AsimEres. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $11.79. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
Can Stuvia be trusted?
4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
78834 documents were sold in the last 30 days
Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 14 years now