SCIENCE BIOS-242N-Bios242 final review/Chamberlain College of Nursing
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Course
SCIENCE BIOS-242N
Institution
SCIENCE BIOS-242N
Final Exam
Definitions to know:
• Immunology: Study of the body’s specific defenses against pathogens.
• Halophiles: salt lovers environment
• Spirochete: Group of helical, Gram-negative bacteria with axial filaments that cause the organism to corkscrew, enabling it to burrow into a hos...
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Bios242 final review
Final Exam
Definitions to know:
• Immunology: Study of the body’s specific defenses against pathogens.
• Halophiles: salt lovers environment
• Spirochete: Group of helical, Gram-negative bacteria with axial filaments
that cause the organism to corkscrew, enabling it to burrow into a host’s
tissues.
• Mutualism: Symbiotic relationship in which both members benefit from their
interaction.
• Signs: Objective manifestations of disease observed or measured by others
• Symptoms: Subjective characteristics of disease felt only by the patient
• Nosocomial disease (healthcare associated disease): A disease acquired in a
healthcare facility.
• Nosocomial infection (healthcare associated infection): An infection acquired in
a
healthcare facility.
• Sty: Inflamed bacterial infection of the base of an eyelid. Folliculitis Called a
sty when it occurs at the eyelid base can spread to surrounding tissues
producing furuncles, carbuncles in groups
• Lymphangitis: Condition in which inflamed lymphatic vessels become
visible as red streaks under the skin.
• Candidiasis: Term for several opportunistic diseases caused by infection with
Candida
species.
• Pathogen: A microorganism capable of causing disease.
• Zoonoses: Diseases that are naturally spread from their usual animal host to
humans.
• Fomites: Objects inadvertently used to transfer pathogens to new hosts,
such as a glass or towel.
• Infections: Successful invasion of the body by a pathogenic microorganism.
• Lipid A: The lipid component of lipopolysaccharide, which is released from
dead Gram- negative bacterial cells and can trigger shock and other
symptoms in human hosts.
• Septicemia: any microbial infection of the blood that produces illness
• Bacteremia: bacterial septicemia
• Toxemia: release of bacterial toxins into the blood
• Common cold viruses are frequently spread by contaminated fomites (ways
to transfer pathogens)
• Blastomycosis- transmitted to human via bird
• Superoxide dismutase peroxide anion, eliminate superoxide radicals
• Superoxide dismutase – eliminate superoxide
radicals Catalase and peroxidase – removal of
hydrogen peroxide
Types of healthcare associated infections (HAIs)
• Exogenous - Pathogen acquired from the health care environment
• Endogenous - Pathogen arises from normal microbiota as a result of factors
within the healthcare setting
• Iatrogenic - Results from modern medical procedures
,Bios242 final review
• Superinfections - Use of antimicrobial drugs reduces competition from
some resident microbiota, allowing other microbes to thrive
Know the characteristics of prokaryotic cells – i.e. no nucleus
, Bios242 final review
1. they have no nuclear membrane
2. their DNA is not wound around histones
3. the cell walls are made of a chemical called peptidoglycan
4. they do not have complex membrane-bound organelles
What does prokaryotic mean?
• Any unicellular microorganism that lacks a nucleus. Classification includes
bacteria and archaea.
Know how we measure bacterial cells.
The standard method is the plate count, which is the usual way to count microbes.
The purpose of this method is to just use a sample of dilutions on a bacterial culture
and counting. First, 3 of the 0.1ml dilutions are poured to duplicate the agar plates.
One then sterilizes the glass spreader by dipping it in alcohol and burning it. Once
the spreader is cooled, 0.1 of the inoculum is spread over the agar plates till the
media doesn’t look wet. Repeat the process for the remaining plates. Once all that
is done, it must be incubated at room temperature. It can then be counted in the
end, all of the colonies. The advantage of this method is that it is super easy to do
and one counts CFUs if they aren’t broken up. It isn’t complicated to pull through
this method. As for the disadvantage, the count might not be as accurate. Not only
this, the time to complete this method with all the dilutions, plating, smearing, and
incubation waiting take a bit of time.
The turbidimetric method is a much more complicated process. This process deals
with the bacteria growing in a culture, creating a cloud. The cloud is thus counted
and it can be converted to cell numbers. The first step is to take the broth, wipe the
outside of the cuvette, and insert it into the sample holder in the
spectrophotometer. One must discard the broth and use the same cuvette to
measure the diluted sample in density. The next day, one counts the number of
colonies on each plate. This is the turbidimetric method. An advantage to this
method is that it is way faster compared to the other method. As for the
disadvantage, it can’t be used for microbes that are grouped together. Lower
densities can’t be measured as well with this method.
Know the constituents of the cell wall of both gram positive and gram-negative
bacteria.
Gram-positive bacteria Gram-negative bacteria
• Thick multi-layer • Thin single-layer peptidoglycan
peptidoglycan cell wall • Outer layer consist of
with Teichoic acid lipopolysaccharide (lipid A)
• Contain unique o Lipid A cause fever, vasodilation,
polyalcohols called inflammation, shock, and blood
teichoic acids clotting
• Lack outer layer cell o May impede the treatment of
membrane disease
• Single lipid membrane • Red or pink (safranin)
• Presence of up to
60% mycolic acid in
acid-fast bacteria
• Purple (crystal violet dye)
Know the principle of the gram stain and how it works.
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