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Complete notes on Genetic Material II
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This document provides depth knowledge with a step-by-step explanations of each and every concept regarding genetics to enhance your knowledge
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TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES OF CELL STUDIESMICROSCOPY
1. The microscope is the first powerful tool used in
biological studies.
2 Microscope is an instrument for magnifying minute
objects.
1. Polarizing Microscope
(i) Polarization microscopy is useful mainly for viewing
highly ordered objects such as crystals or bundles of
parallel filaments.
(ii) The mitotic spindle, made up of microtubules cannot
be resolved by light microscope, but can be studied
with polarizing microscope.
(iii) This microscope has two rotatable polarizing
devices called polarizer and analyzer.
2. Ultraviolet Microscope
(i) This microscope uses the UV-rays of shorter
wavelengths (1500-3500 Å)
(ii) As the glass lenses cannot transmit radiations of
wavelengths below 4000 Å, an ultraviolet microscope
uses a lens composed of fused quartz, calcium fluorite
or lithium carbonate.
(iii) This microscope is useful in the qualitative and in
some cases quantitative determination of nucleoproteins.
, 3. Fluorescence Microscope
(i) The first 'fluorescence microscope' was described by
Lehmann in 1911.
(ii) Electron microscope uses a focused beam of
electrons to produce an enlarged image of an object.
(iii) This microscope uses UV light with higher
wavelengths (3500-4000 A) stimulation on cell
components stained with fluorescent dyes.
4. Electron Microscope
(i) M.Knoll and E. Ruska. two German scientists
invented the electron microscope in 1932
(ii) In this microscope the source of light is a beam of
electrons to produce an enlarged image of an object.
(iii) In this microscope the source of light is a beam of
electrons of a shorter wavelength of about 0.005 nm.
(iv) Electron microscope is an ideal instrument for
studying cellular ultrastructure.
(V) Two major types of electron microscope are
employed in biological studies the transmission
electron microscope (TEM) and scanning electron
microscope (SEM).
(vi) The TEM is the most commonly used electron
microscope. scope.
(vii) The resolution power of a TEM is 10 Å whereas its
magnification is 1 to 2 lac times.
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