This is 11.1 assignment which was graded distinction*. the assignment covers all the details needed to accomplish all the key points from the specification. the document will show which part of the information covers the pass,merit or distinction criteria.
Both DNA and RNA are described as nucleic acids and polymers. These polymers are made up of
monomers which in this case they are the nucleotides and the nucleotides are the monomers of the
nucleic acids ( DNA and RNA) which also they are known as the polynucleotides.
DNA and RNA consists of a structure formed from a phosphate group, sugar (deoxyribose in DNA
and ribose in RNA) and a nitrogenous base.
CONDENSATION REACTION:
A polymer (either DNA or RNA) is formed by condensation reaction between the phosphate group of
one nucleotide and the sugar of the next nucleotide by releasing one molecule of water (H2O) every
time a bond is formed.
The phosphate’s hydroxyl group interacts with the hydroxide group found on the 5 th position of the
sugar, releasing one molecule of water. After this stage the nitrogenous base for example adenine
follows by and links it’s H with the OH group found on the 1 st position of sugar, releasing again one
molecule of water. therefore all forming a nucleotide.
In order to form a whole polymer lots of nucleotides need to join together by condensation reaction,
this is done by another phosphate group coming in, the OH group found on the 3 rd position of the
sugar interacts with the OH group of the phosphate again releasing one molecule of water.
Another sugar can join, repeating the same
condensation reaction process between phosphate and
sugar but this time a HO group is formed between
phosphate and sugar. Another base will bond with the
OH (1st position) of the sugar with the expulsion of water ,
forming a nucleotide.
The chain of sugar and phosphate is known as sugar-
phosphate backbone, which consists of a deoxyribose
sugar with 5 carbons and phosphate group. They are
combined by a phosphodieser bond between C 4 of
their chain and a CH2 group of the phosphate, and is
also known that the sugar and the phosphate is covalently bonded. One is upside down to the other
which makes is antiparallel. Meaning that one strand starts at 5 prime end and end at 3, the other
one is from 3 to 5.
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