Disaster Management Cycle STUDY GUIDE
2022/2023
Disasters
An event that causes human suffering and demands more resources than are available
to the community (man-made, naturally occurring, combination of both)
Five mission areas by FEMA that serves as a basic understanding of emergency
management
Prevention, Protection, Mitigation, Response, Recovery
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Prevention
prevent, avoid, or stop an imminent, threatened or actual act
Protection
protect employees, citizens, residents, visitors and assets against threats and hazards
Mitigation
reduce the loss of life and property by lessening risks, threats, and impacts
Response
respond efficiently to save lives, protect property, and the environment, and meet basic
human needs in the aftermath of a catastrophic incident
Recovery
recover through a focus on the timely restoration, strengthening and revitalization of
infrastructure, sustainable operations, as well as the health, social, cultural, historic and
environmental fabric of communities affected by a catastrophic incident.
Level of Disaster Prevention
Primary, secondary, and tertiary
Primary Prevention
Participate in community disaster exercises, assist in development of disaster
management plan for community, pre-identify vulnerable populations
Secondary Prevention
Assess disaster survivors, conduct rapid needs assessments, use individual and
population-based triage, provide psychological first aid
Tertiary Prevention
Ensure community service linkages are available, conduct community outreach,
participate in planning efforts to attain new normal
Prevention (Mitigation)
Activities to prevent natural/man-made disasters (increasing, strengthening public
health process such as immunizations), Strengthening levees to prevent flooding,
preventing communicable disease transmission, Assessing threats, vulnerabilities and
capabilities, Identification and assessment of vulnerable populations (at risk)
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Disaster Preparedness
Occurs at national, state, and local levels. Personal and family preparedness is crucial,
professional preparedness, plan stems from threats/vulnerabilities identified at
prevention level, coordinated efforts, drills, different agencies
Management response includes:
How many affected?, How many injured or dead?, Fresh food/water available?, Areas
of risk/sanitation problems?, Classified by type, level, and scope.
,Disaster Management Cycle STUDY GUIDE
2022/2023
Disaster Recovery
Begins when danger no longer exists, and needed agencies available, Lasts until
economic/ civil life community is restored, Monitor disease and sanitation controls,
PTSD and Delayed stress reactions are normal. Can affect caregiver and victims
Phases of emotional reactions
Heroic, honeymoon, disillusionment, reconstruction
Heroic
intense excitement and concern for survival, often lots of outside assistance available
Honeymoon
affected individuals begin to bond and relive their experiences
Disillusionment
responders can experience depression and exhaustion, unexpected delays
Reconstruction
adjusting to new reality, continued rebuilding, victims start to look ahead
Risk Assessment
Who is at risk in community?, Have there been recent disasters?, Size/population likely
to be affected, What is community disaster plan?, Warning systems in place?, Resource
facilities available?, Evacuation measures, Environmental dangers
Disaster Planning
Develop plan based on possible threats, Identify warning system and communication
center, how to access, Community first responder disaster plan, Identify agencies who
are part of disaster management, Identify specific roles of personnel, Locate equipment
as supplies needed, Check equipment, Evaluate efficiency, response time, and safety.
Disaster Response
Activate disaster management plan, perform triage and direct those affected, coordinate
evacuation, quarantine, and opening of shelters
Disaster Recovery
home visits, reassess health needs of affected population, provide/coordinate care in
shelters, Stress counseling
Evaluation of Disaster Response
Evaluate the area, effect, and level of disaster, Create ongoing assessment,
surveillance reports, Evaluate efficiency of disaster response teams, Estimate recovery
time of community services (electric, water)
Disasters can affect one family at a time, as in a house fire, or they can kill thousands
and result in economic losses in the millions, as with floods, earthquakes, tornadoes,
hurricanes, tsunamis, and bioterrorism
The American Red Cross reports that it responds to a disaster in the United States
every 8 minutes, resulting in response to more than 70,000 incidents each year
Disaster disproportionably strikes at-risk individuals, whether their day-to-day risk is
physical, emotional, or economic.
Disasters in less developed communities can also destroy decades of progress in a
matter of hours, in a manner that rarely happens in more developed countries. The
poor, elderly, ethnic minorities, people with disabilities, and women and children in
developing communities are excessively affected and least able to rebound
, Disaster Management Cycle STUDY GUIDE
2022/2023
Homeland Security Act of 2002
The U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS) was created
Presidential Policy Directive 8: National Preparedness (PPD-8)
was signed and released by President Barack Obama on March 30, 2011. PPD-8
replaced Homeland Security Presidential Directive 8 from the Bush era, and guides how
the nation, from the federal level to private citizens, can "prevent, protect against,
mitigate the effects of, respond to, and recover from those threats that pose the greatest
risk to the security of the Nation"
The National Preparedness Guidelines (NPG) (DHS, 2007a) and the National
Response Plan (NRP), which provide a national doctrine for preparedness that includes
the National Response Framework (NRF), was promulgated in January 2008.
The second edition of the National Response Framework, updated in 2013, provides
context for how the whole community works together and how response efforts relate to
other parts of national preparedness (DHS, 2013). Each of the five frameworks covers
one mission area: Prevention, Protection, Mitigation, Response, or Recovery. In that
framework there are also 15 emergency support functions.
Emergency Support Function 8: Public Health and Medical
provides coordinated federal assistance to supplement state, local, and tribal resources
in response to public health and medical care needs
Homeland Security Presidential Directive 5 (HSPD-5) created the National Incident
Management System (NIMS)
a unified, all-discipline, and all-hazards approach to domestic incident management
(Naval Postgraduate School [NPS], 2014; FEMA, 2013c). The NIMS was established to
provide a common language and structure enabling all those involved in disaster
response to communicate with each other more effectively and efficiently.
Two national preparedness documents specifically guide disaster health preparedness,
response, and recovery:
HSPD-21 established a national strategy that enables a level of public health and
medical preparedness sufficient to address a range of possible disasters. It did so
through four critical components of public health and medical preparedness: (1)
biosurveillance, (2) countermeasure distribution, (3) mass casualty care, and (4)
community resilience
The NHSS was directed by the 2006 Pandemic and All-Hazards Preparedness Act
(PAHPA
an act to improve the nation's ability to detect, prepare for, and respond to a variety of
public health emergencies. The PAHPA was re-enacted in 2013 and is now called the
Pandemic and All-Hazards Preparedness Reauthorization Act (PAHPRA).
The PAHPRA funds public health and hospital preparedness programs, medical
countermeasures under the BioShield Project, and enhances the authority of the Food
and Drug Administration (FDA)
Healthy People 2020
Objectives Related to Preparedness
