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NAVLE STUDYGUIDE EXAM COMPLETE WITH QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
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NAVLE STUDYGUIDE EXAM COMPLETE WITH QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS Xylitol toxicity - answer - rapid release of insulin = monitor for HYPOGLYCEMIA - high ALT = SAME, ursodiol, N-acetylcysteine, milk thistle Bleach toxicity - answer - dilute stomach w/ MILK - DO NOT induce emesis - GI protectants Black widow spiders - answer - latrodectus mactans, L. Hesperus - ACh is the toxin that binds to Ca channels = ascending motor paralysis and destruction of peripheral nerves - signs = recumbent, vocalizing, pain, rigidity w/ muscle spasms - death from resp/cardio failure Warfarin toxicity - answer - ANTICOAGULANT = clotting factors II, VII, IX, X - signs = 12-16 hrs, slowly developing; PT prolonged soonest after ingestion - give vit. K1 for 3-4 wks (if chronic give plasma too) = do NOT give vit. K1 to horses (nephrotoxic; only plasma) - most common site of hemorrhage = thoracic cavity - spontaneous bleeding below 45 (or 25K) platelets - platelets < 10,000 = IMTP, DIC - diagnosis = PIVKA Brodifacoum toxicity - answer - D-con rodenticide - inhibits epoxide reductase (loss of Vit. K) - give vit. K and monitor PT Bromethalin toxicity - answer - seizures - low dose = paralysis - high dose = convulsions Cholecalciferol toxicity - answer - converted to active Vit. D = increased resorption of calcium and gut absorption - can lead to fatal hypercalcemia + hyperphosphatemia = tissue mineralization - tx = phosphate binders (aluminum hydroxide, bisphosphonates, fluids (NaCl)), prednisone/prednisolone (decrease osteoclastic activity) - DO NOT give sulfa drugs = potentiate toxicity - human Vit. D supplements are high in Ca and P! Strychnine toxicity - answer tetanic seizures Zinc oxide - answer - gas - decontaminate = don't breathe in! Ethylene glycol - answer - always isosthenuric in stage 1/2 = ethanol (osmotic diuretic) - crystals don't tell you about stage = present all the time - stage 1 = ethanol, acidosis (CNS depression, V/D, ataxia, severe metabolic acidosis) - stage 2 = less depression, still acidotic, tachypnea - stage 3 = azotemia, casts, protein in urine --> treat renal dz - dx = high anion gap, azotemia, calcium oxalate crystalluria, metabolic acidosis, hyperglycemia, PU/PD or oliguria, hypocalcemia - tx = aimed at alcohol dehydrogenase - give 4-methylpyrazole (4-MP, fomepazole) --> effective 6-8 hrs post ingestion (best within 3); DOES NOT WORK ON CATS; ethanol competes Organophosphate toxicity - answer - inhibit acetylcholinesterase = muscarinic signs - DUMBSLED - tx = atropine or 2- PAM - DO NOT sedate w/ acepromazine Fleet enema toxicity - answer - high in phosphorus = decrease in serum calcium - hypernatremia and hyperphosphatemia - hypocalcemia --> weakness, shock, tremors, seizures - tx = calcium gluconate, phosphorus binders, insulin and dextrose (if hyperkalemic) Strychnine (snail bait) toxicity - answer - competitively antagonizes glycine = loss of impulse contractil ity in spinal cord and brainstem - affects striated muscle - tx = methocarbamol (for convulsions), prevent stimulation Chocolate toxicity - answer - methylxanthines (theobromine, caffeine) - CNS excitation, tachycardia, vasoconstriction, vomiting/diarrhea = measure HR and BP - tachycardia = atenolol, acepromazine - enterohepatic circulation = repeated AC, fluids Pyrethrin (fipronil) toxicity - answer - toxic to CATS - alters sodium ion channels to increase length of depolarization - signs = depression, hypersalivation, ataxia, muscle tremors - tx = methocarbamol, bathe Grissonia simplicifolia toxicity - answer - herbal supplement - can lead to serotonin syndrome Acetaminophen toxicity - answer - toxic to CATS and ferrets - cats lack glutathione and glucoronyl transferase --> heinz body hemolytic anemia + liver damage + methemoglobinemia - facial and paw edema = allergic/hypersensitivity - tx = emesis/gastric lavage within 4-6 hrs, N-acetylcysteine - monitor methemoglobin (>50% grave) Toxins causing heinz body anemia - answer - methylene blue, molybdenum deficiency, rye grass, b rassica family - zinc = pennies after 1983 - onions (allium) = hemolytic anemia, HEMOGLOBINURIA; sheep resistant - red maple leaves = dried leaves; HORSES (icterus, colic) - moth balls (naphthalene) = also see GI signs Toxins causing renal failure - answer - grapes and raisins - lillies = ARF in cats; stargazer, day, asiatic, tiger, easter - helogeton = oxalate calculi/oxalate nephrosis - tx = decontaminate, diurese 48-72 hrs, apomorphine ONCE) or dexmedetomidine/xylazine - do NOT give hydrogen peroxide = hemorrhagic gastritis (give omeprazole) Nitrate toxicity - answer - NO3 + rumen = NO2 (nitrite) - binds to hemoglobin --> methemoglobin - tx = methylene blue Non-protein nitrogen (urea) toxicity - answer - urea + urease = ammonia NH3 + CO2 = bloat - tx = cold water + acetic acid/vinegar --> traps NH3+ as NH3 Zearalenone toxicity - answer - affects PIGS - potent estrogenic mycotoxin metabolite produced by Fusarium - hyperestrogenism and pseudopregnancy Salt poisoning - answer - lesion = perivascular infiltration of eospinophils - pathogenesis = sodium causes increased osmolarity --> brains forms idiogenic osmoles to draw water back into brain - signs = head pressing, stargazing, blindness, seizures, hemolysis - REHYDRATE SLOWLY - decrease hypernatremia by 0.5-1 mEq q 24-48 hrs Copper toxicity - answer - common in SHEEP - cattle and horse feed contain too much copper for sheep = stress induced - acute signs = GI pain, anorexia, GI, shock, GUNMETAL KIDNEYS, blue/green ingesta - chronic signs = no signs until acute hemolytic crisis (HEMOGLOBINURIA, renal failure, icterus, photosensitive etc.) - hemolytic anemia in sheep = icterus, methemoglobinemia - tx = poor success; penicillamine chelator (increases excretion), chronic ammonium tetrathiomolybd ate - tx for dogs = chicken breast and cottage cheese (low in copper) Copper deficiency - answer - SHEEP, goats, piglets - primary (low intake) vs. secondary (HIGH MOLYBDENUM, sulfur, iron, selenium) - signs = peat scours, unthriftiness, anemia, coat depigmentation, joint pain/lameness - enzootic ataxia = lambs 1-2 mo old - swayback = congenitally or in very young lambs, progressive ascending paralysis Phalaris toxicity - answer - stiff-legged gait, hyperexcitability, nystagmus, head tremors, fall and flail - remove from pasture Hypomagnesemia - answer - occur in lactating animals in early spring on LUSH PASTURES - high levels of nitrogen and potassium inhibit Mg absorption from GIT - restlessness, staggers, excitable, convulsions, death - serum < 1.5 - tx = sedate w/ diazepam, Mg gluconate, Ca borogluconate - px = limit Mo, Ca, add selenium to diet Black walnut toxicity - answer - LAMINITIS in horses - limb edema Slaframine - answer - moldy red cloverThe benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
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