In this file, you will find a comprehensive summary of all the material you need to know for the first cognitive neuroscience partial exam at Utrecht University. All lectures are covered in this summary and difficult terms have been further explained.
Summary Principles of Cognitive Neuroscience for course UU Cognitive Neuroscience (200300074)
Samenvatting Principles of Cognitive Neuroscience hoofdstuk 8 t/m 15 (200300074)
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Universiteit Utrecht (UU)
Psychologie
Cognitive Neurosciences
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Cognitive neuroscience
Inhoudsopgave
Cognitive neuroscience ....................................................................................................................... 1
Lecture 1 – Introduction & EEG Methods ........................................................................................................... 1
Lecture 2 – Functional MRI & The visual system .............................................................................................. 14
Lecture 3 – Methods: Single Unit Recording, how does it work? ..................................................................... 29
Lecture 4 – The motor system: control of action .............................................................................................. 41
Lecture 5 – attention: effects on stimulus processing ...................................................................................... 53
Lecture 6 – The control of attention ................................................................................................................. 63
Lecture 1 – Introduction & EEG Methods
Cognitive neuroscience → combination of cognition (psychology) and
neuroscience (methods)
History of neuroscience →
- Franz Joseph Gall suggested that surface of the head depends on mental
skills
- Different areas on the skull each represent a different skill
- Measure enlargements or indentations of the skull
o Instinct for reproduction
o Love for offspring
o Affection & friendship
, o Courage
o Cleverness
o Pride & Vanity
o Language
Modern neuroscience →
- Yes:
o Functional differentiation of the brain
- No:
o Functions are defined by thorough experimentation
o Multidisciplinary research
o Not just size of brain areas:
Measure anatomy & structure
Measure effects of brain damage
Measure development of areas & networks
Measure neural activity
Measure chemical elements in the brain
Model/Simulate brain processes
Brain anatomy
- Many different types of cells, connections, and neurotransmitters
- Brodmann was the first to map the cortex based on cell types (43x)
- More detailed maps followed later
- Each neuron type has a different function
- How a brain area is structured and where it’s placed, says something
about it’s function, what it does
Neuron: four main aspects
,Neurons
- Different from normal cells:
o Axon & dendrites are specialized structures to transmit and
receive information through action potentials
o They tend not to reproduce after birth
o But the connections do alter
o Each cell type has its own specialized function
Types of neurons
, Motor (spinal cord) neuron → this neuron has myelin sheaths around the axons
→ it allows electrical impulses to transmit quickly and efficiently along the nerve
cells. Typically because motor neuron needs to push information over relatively
long distances.
Coordination (cerebellum) neuron → has MANY dendrites allowing it to connect
to lots of different neurons which helps a lot with coordinating signals. Many
input signals.
Cognition (forebrain) neuron → involved in all types of cognition. Has multiple
branches of dendrites which allows the neuron to do multiple tasks on the same
time.
Vision (retina) neuron → one-way information processing system. Input
(light) transferred to output. You don’t need much feedback from other neurons
so not many dendrites.
Damage to anatomy (clinical neuropsychology)
- Stroke → this causes (a part of) your brain to die.
- Tumors or infections (or insects)
o Can damage certain brain areas
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