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(Solution) NURS 6630 week 2 Discussion: Foundational Neuroscience, latest 2021/2022. $10.99
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(Solution) NURS 6630 week 2 Discussion: Foundational Neuroscience, latest 2021/2022.
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(Solution) NURS 6630 week 2 Discussion: Foundational Neuroscience As a psychiatric nurse practitioner, it is essential for you to have a strong background in foundational neuroscience. In order to diagnose and treat patients, you must not only understand the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders...

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  • December 7, 2022
  • 6
  • 2022/2023
  • Exam (elaborations)
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  • nurs 6630 week 2 discussion

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  • NURS 6630
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Explain the agonist-to-antagonist spectrum of action of
psychopharmacologic agents, including how partial and
inverse agonist functionality may impact the efficacy of
psychopharmacologic treatments.
The traditional drug-receptor theory is a concept of how drugs abide, drug-

receptor interaction, and agonists' actions and antagonists with affinity and intrinsic

efficacy (Berg, & Clarke, 2018). Berg and Clark's study of the theory found that drugs

can act as antagonists or agonists. In contrast, agonists drugs have intrinsic efficacy and

affinity, and antagonists have only relationship and no inherent effectiveness. The

authors noted that the antagonists decrease the probability of agonist drug occupancy by

occupying the receptor cells. Still, the increased agonist concentration leads to the

agonist increasing receptor occupancy, thus blocking antagonists' effects. A full agonist

generates the maximal response a system is capable whereas a partial agonist produces a

submaximal reaction; However, a partial agonist's intrinsic efficacy is less than that of a

full agonist; full agonists can also differ in inherent efficacy. Lastly, the spare receptors

or receptor reserve is the ability of an agonist can produce a maximum response without

occupancy of the entire receptor population due to saturation of post-receptor signaling

mechanisms,


Compare and contrast the actions of g couple proteins and ion gated channels.

Ion gated receptors have a key role in the nervous system for signaling, allowing

rapid and conversion of chemical neurotransmitter messages to electrical current with ionotropic

receptors regulated by protein-protein interactions with other ion channels, G-protein coupled

receptors and intracellular proteins (Li et al., 2014). Li et al. found that the G Protein interactions

with ion channel receptors can increase the capacity of neuronal signaling cascades and represent

, a unique target for therapeutic intervention in neuropsychiatric disorder. The authors proposed

that neurotransmission and Ligand-gated ion channels play a central role in intercellular

communication in the nervous system and Ligand-gated ion channels are oligomeric protein

assemblies that convert a chemical signal into an ion flux through the post-synaptic membrane

and are involved in basic brain functions such as attention, learning, and memory. Furthermore,

Ion gated channels include GABA, acetylcholine, glutamate, Adenosine triphosphate (ATP),

AMPA, NMDA, nicotine, and glycine, and many proteins are known to bind to the different

subunits of ligand-gated ion channel receptors at specific subcellular localization, and these

interacting proteins can both modulate ion channel function and influence the localization of the

channel in the cell and in the membrane. Li et al. observed that

ion channel function is modulated by interactions with G couple proteins and influence on the

dynamics of receptor trafficking and targeting to designated subcellular areas, as well as the

assembly, stability, and turnover of the receptor on the membrane and in intracellular signaling

pathways with interactions permitting functioning to both external stimuli and intracellular states

which allows for complex signal processing by neurons and new targets for pharmacological

manipulation of neuron function.


Explain how the role of epigenetics may contribute to pharmacologic action.

Epigenetics focuses on alterations and modification of genes, including

methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitylation of DNA and histone

proteins (nucleosomes), and chromatin remodeling results in disorders like cancer and

degenerative diseases (Rasool et al., 2015). Rasool et al. noted that factors like nutrition

and the environment cause epigenetics alteration.

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