Summary History: Why had international Peace collapsed even though we had a league?
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Cambridge IGCSE® and O Level History Option B: The 20th Century Coursebook
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(097/0470/2147) An essay for CIE and O level History "The Munich putsch was a total failure for Adolf Hitler.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer.
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Why had international peace collapsed?
• During the 1950s, Germany and Italy gradually drew closer together due
to the same ideological preferences.
• The Rome-Berlin Axis was made official in 1936 and Japan joined a year
later to form the Anti-Comintern pact.
• All three governments were both nationalistic and militaristic.
• The key to the growing friendship was that the imperial ambitions did not
clash.
Country. Military strength and spending. Alliances and policies.
Germany. Hitler introduced construction in Wanted to scrap Versailles and find
Led by Hitler March 1935. By 1939, 103 divisions Lebensraum. Left the League in
and the Nazis, were ready for war. Hitler 's September 1933.
supported by government increase spending on Signed treaty with Italy in October
the German armaments, in 1933, it was 5 billion RM 1936 to create the “Rome-Berlin Axis”
public. this grew to 10 billion in 1936 and 16 In May 1939 Hitler signed the ‘Pact of
billion in 1938. Steel’ a military alliance with Italy
Italy. Tanks were of poor quality and the Wants to rebuild the Roman Empire
Dictatorship, Italian artillery dated from the First and find space for Italy surplus
led by World War. Infantry were only lightly population. Left the League in
Mussolini and armed and lacks sufficient motor December 1937. Played a crucial role in
the fascists. transport. Government spends a third supplying weapons and materials to
of its budget on the military. the nationalist rebels in the Spanish
Civil War (1936-1939). signed a treaty
with Germany in October 1936 to
create the Rome Berlin Axis. In May
1939, Pact of Steel, a military alliance
with Germany.
Japan. in 1931, the Japanese army had very wanted to inquire an empire to ensure
Dictatorship, little troops, and by 1939 it had grown. supply of raw materials. 55% of
led by the In 1941, the Imperial Japanese Navy Japanese oil was supplied by US they
military. had 10 battleships, 10 aircraft carriers. left the League in March 1933.
38 cruisers, 112 destroyers. withdrew from the 1936 Second
London Disarmament conference. In
September 1940, Japan signed the
Tripartite Pact with Germany and Italy.
, What were the long-term consequences of the peace treaties of
1919-1923
Italy
• Had joined the allied powers April 1915 and was promised territorial
rewards
• The Adriatic Port neither any of Germany’s colonies were given
Germany
• The terms did not leave Germany with nothing, they still had
considerable economic resources and not as much damage was done
• Germany may have disarmed but still had the resources to produce
modern replacements
• 1925, Germanys steel production was twice that of Britain
• Hitlers Foreign Policy
• Tearing up the treaties of Versailles and Saint-Germain was his aim in the
1930s
• 1936- The start of German rearmament and the remilitarization of the
Rhineland
• 1938- The Anschluss (union) with Austria
• 1938- The transfer of Sudetenland from Czechoslovakia
• 1939- The invasion of Prague, the capital of Czechoslovakia
• 1939- The seizure of Memel
• 1939- The claims made over Danzig and the Polish Corridor
Impact of the treaty on British and French opinion
• In the years after 1919, the British government and public opinion were
pleased
• As the 1920s closed depression took hold and many then started to think
the treaty was harsh
• The emergence of the Nazi Party led by Adolf Hitler was viewed as an
unstable response
• French people believed the treaty was not harsh enough
• By the mid 1930s it was clear Hitler was aiming to destroy peace
• The French decided on two strategies, they built the very expensive
Maginot Line, a row of forts on the border
• They then worked with the British to in achieving a peaceful revision of
the treaty
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