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OCR Geography Hazardous Earth
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OCR Geography Hazardous Earth Notes, Diagrams and Case studies
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Paper 3: Hazardous Earth2.What are the main hazards generated by volcanic activity?
2a. There is a variety of volcanic activity and resultant landforms and landscapes
Different types of volcano to investigate their causes and features including:
-Hotspots
● Hawaiian chain-
- Kilauea, effusive hotspot volcano
- Lava flows up to 2,000℉
- Travel up to 300 yards in 24 hours,
unstoppable
- Evacuation of local communities
- New islands formed when magma
hits water, cools and solidifies
2b. Volcanic eruptions generate distinctive hazards
Tephra:
● Typically named according to clast (particle size) which can range from metres down to microns in
size
● Catch-all term to describe all erupted clasts regardless of size
● Load buildings roof and obscure road markings- can’t get aid in
● Stripping of environment- affect agriculture both positively and/ or negatively
Gas emissions:
● Various gases can be emitted by active volcanoes
● Main 5 that pose threat to human health-CO2, Hydrogen chloride, hydrogen fluoride, hydrogen
sulphide, sulphur dioxide
● People can be exposed to harmful volcano gases by breathing them in or through contact with skin
and eyes
● Mild-serious health effects
Flooding: Lahars/ Jokulhlaups
● Jokulhlaups Icelandic- intense floods of water from glacial lakes that are situated near a glacier,
eruption of volcano under a glacier
● Strong forces of volcanic activity melts the ice above or breaks a dam in the lake
● Causes an abrupt release or large volumes of water, producing a flood that can devastate settlements
● Bursting dams and/or river banks
● Lahars are mudflows created when water from rain
or meltwater from glaciers and volcanic ash mix
● Deadly combination can have devastating effects
on the surrounding area
● When lahars settle they can be metres thick and as
hard as cement
● Can occur long after a volcanic eruption
Tsunamis (explosive eruptions):
● Massive waves that form after displacement of
large amounts of water
● Named example-
- Tonga is a country located in Oceania
- A)- submarine volcano, Hunga
Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai
- Convergent plate boundary, pacific plate
subducting underneath australian plate
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