De samenvatting dekt het tweede deel van Algemene Economie, namelijk het deel over macro-economie. In de samenvatting werk ik aan de hand van voorbeelden en probeer ik stapsgewijs doorheen de leerstof te gaan. De samenvatting volgt de opbouw van de cursus, en helemaal op het einde wordt een gastcol...
2. Hoe meet men ongelijkheid?..................................................................................................................17
A. Maatstaven voor het meten van ongelijkheid...................................................................................................17
B. Amartya Sen.................................................................................................................................................................... 18
3. Inkomens- en vermogensongelijkheid...............................................................................................18
A. Verenigde Staten vs. Europa..................................................................................................................................... 18
B. Globale trends................................................................................................................................................................. 19
C. Trends in België.............................................................................................................................................................. 19
4. Oorzaken van ongelijkheid.....................................................................................................................19
5. Beleidsmaatregelen die de ongelijkheid verminderen................................................................20
, A. Institutionele hervormingen.................................................................................................................................... 20
B. Fiscaliteit en sociale zekerheid................................................................................................................................ 20
C. Fiscaliteit, sociale zekerheid en COVID-19......................................................................................................... 21
6. Minder ongelijkheid met hoge welvaart?..........................................................................................21
2. De aggregatieve vraag..............................................................................................................................26
A. Afleiding van de aggregatieve vraagcurve........................................................................................................ 26
B. Verschuiving van de aggregatieve vraagcurve................................................................................................27
3. Het aggregatieve aanbod op korte termijn.......................................................................................27
A. Afleiding van de aggregatieve aanbodcurve..................................................................................................... 27
B. Verschuiving van de aggregatieve aanbodcurve op korte termijn..........................................................27
4. Het aggregatieve aanbod op lange termijn.......................................................................................28
5. Van korte naar lange termijn.................................................................................................................29
6. Macro-economisch evenwicht: vraag en aanbodschokken.........................................................29
A. Vraagschokken............................................................................................................................................................... 29
i. Negatieve vraagschokken:............................................................................................................................. 29
ii. Positieve vraagschokken:............................................................................................................................. 30
B. Aanbodschokken............................................................................................................................................................ 30
i. Negatieve aanbodschokken:......................................................................................................................... 30
ii. Positieve aanbodschokken:.......................................................................................................................... 31
C. Vraag- en aanbodschokken....................................................................................................................................... 31
2. De consumptiefunctie en de spaarfunctie.........................................................................................36
A. De consumptiefunctie.................................................................................................................................................. 36
B. De spaarfunctie.............................................................................................................................................................. 37
i. Grafisch afleiden van de spaarfunctie:...................................................................................................... 38
C. Andere bepalende factoren van consumptie (en sparen)............................................................................38
3. De investeringsfunctie.............................................................................................................................38
A. De rol van de rentevoet............................................................................................................................................... 39
i. Het rendement van investeringen:............................................................................................................. 39
ii. De huidige en de toekomstige geldwaarde:...........................................................................................39
iii. De MEI-curve en de investeringsfunctie:.............................................................................................. 39
A. Model en cijfervoorbeeld............................................................................................................................................ 40
B. Grafisch.............................................................................................................................................................................. 41
2
,5. De investeringsmultiplicator.................................................................................................................41
1. Macro-economische betekenis van de overheid.............................................................................47
6. Budgettaire politiek en overheidstekort...........................................................................................52
7. Effectiviteit van de budgettaire politiek............................................................................................52
8. De overheidsschuld...................................................................................................................................52
9. Het cyclisch gecorrigeerde overheidssaldo......................................................................................53
2. De geldhoeveelheid...................................................................................................................................58
3. Het geldaanbod...........................................................................................................................................59
A. Het aanbod van basisgeld.......................................................................................................................................... 59
B. Het aanbod van giraal geld...................................................................................................................................... 59
C. Het geldaanbodmodel................................................................................................................................................. 60
4. De vraag naar geld.....................................................................................................................................61
A. Het inkomen als determinant van de geldvraag.............................................................................................61
B. De rentevoet als determinant van de geldvraag............................................................................................. 62
6. De monetaire politiek...............................................................................................................................63
7. Gezamenlijk evenwicht op de geld- en goederenmarkt: het IS-LM-model............................64
8. De aggregatieve vraagcurve opnieuw bekeken..............................................................................65
A. Werkloosheid en inactiviteit..................................................................................................................................... 71
B. De natuurlijke werkloosheid.................................................................................................................................... 73
i. Niet-conjuncturele werkloosheid:.............................................................................................................. 73
ii. Loon-prijszettingsmodel............................................................................................................................... 74
C. Veranderingen in de natuurlijke werkloosheid................................................................................................74
D. Afwijkingen van de natuurlijke werkloosheid: conjuncturele werkloosheid......................................75
A. Inflatie en inflatiemaatstaven................................................................................................................................. 76
B. Vraaginflatie en kosteninflatie................................................................................................................................ 76
C. De monetaire verklaring voor inflatie.................................................................................................................. 77
4. Phillips-curve: verband tussen werkloosheid en inflatie............................................................78
1. Het belang van internationale handel................................................................................................84
2. Internationale handel en de aggregatieve vraag............................................................................84
A. De aggregatieve vraag in een open economie met overheid......................................................................84
B. Het macro-economisch evenwicht......................................................................................................................... 84
3. Verklaring voor internationale handel en voordelen van vrijhandel.....................................85
A. Theorie van de comparatieve kostenverschillen............................................................................................. 85
4. The Belgian banking landscape............................................................................................................92
5. State of affairs..............................................................................................................................................93
A. Belgain banks’ profitability...................................................................................................................................... 93
B. Solvency............................................................................................................................................................................. 95
C. Liquidity............................................................................................................................................................................. 95
D. Main componenemt of income statement.......................................................................................................... 96
E. Net interest income...................................................................................................................................................... 97
F. Other income and expenses....................................................................................................................................... 97
6. The challenges ahead................................................................................................................................99
A. Impact of Russian-Ukraine War............................................................................................................................. 99
B. Impact of COVID-19 crisis....................................................................................................................................... 102
C. Low-interest rate environment............................................................................................................................. 105
D. Real Estate markt & mortgage loans................................................................................................................ 105
E. Digitisation of financial services.......................................................................................................................... 106
F. Climate related risks.................................................................................................................................................. 107
G. Anti-money laundering............................................................................................................................................ 108
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