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Authoritarian StatesMAO & HITLER - FACTORS AND CONDITIONS FOR RISE TO POWER
What factors and conditions led to the rise to power of Hitler and Mao?
Similarities: economic difficulties, appeal of ideology (BUT FOR DIFFERENT REASONS), use of force (to varying extents), use of propaganda, personal factors. Social Fact
Prescribed Hitler
Content
Economic - Treaty of Versailles resulted in repatriations of £6.6 billion, crippling Germany’s economy - Great Depression => resulted in Chinese G
Conditions - Industry operated at 47% of pre-war performance - Heavy taxes on people (70%), widespread
- Weimar Republic printing money = hyperinflation, banks were closed in 1932 - 4% of population controlled 50% of the lan
- 6 million people were unemployed - KMT received economic aid from American
- China was then largely an agricultural natio
Social - Treaty of Versailles humiliate Germany - Peasants (80% of population) faced high ta
Conditions - Army was reduced from 4.5 million to 100,000. - Warlord Period => even higher taxes, poor
- Germany had to accept war-guilt shrinking during Warlord Period
- German territory was ceded - Quality of life much higher in cities, coasts
- Conservative elite still held power in Weimar Republic => supportive of Hitler’s fight for German strength - Land Redistribution in 1924 (allowed peas
- Mao’s CCP treated peasants well (under M
Political - Feeling that the Weimar were “November Criminals” (for accepting ToV terms) - Treaty of Versailles and 21 Demands were
Conditions - Political instability and deadlock - 6 coalition governments between 1924 and 1929 - Defeat to Japan in Sino-Japanese War wa
(and factors - Nazi Party by 1930 had almost 200 seats (majority) of parliament - Qing Dynasty had collapsed, “dynastic” sy
for Hitler’s - Hitler manipulated Weimar Constitution superbly 1911)
Case) - In 1933, Hitler was appointed Chancellor after a series of backroom negotiations and - Republic of China failed (YSK bribery, dom
parliamentary elections (Ebert thought this would keep Hitler under control) - Defeat of China in Sino-Japanese War led
- Reichstag Fire occurred - Hitler enacted Article 48 to unilaterally take control of the government, Movement) destroyed Confucian ideals
purging many communists and political foes
- Hitler controlled the Government through Article 48, abolished powers of state, dissolved
parliament
Personal - Hitler was recalled for many Germans as a golden age of strong rule - Shrewd and opportunistic conference: use
Factors - Brilliant speaker, good organiser and politician. Different to leaders of Weimar. Bolsheviks, ousting them from China
- Driven, charismatic, proud and determined. Got German people to support him. - Humble, working-class background. Fathe
- Adaptive/perceptive visionary: Adopted Ma
- Communist ideology appealing to peasant
Use of Force - Used Article 48 to purge an estimated 4000 political opponents - Futian Incident and 1942 Yenan Campaign
, CONSOLIDATION OF POWER
How did Hitler and Mao consolidate their power/rule?
Prescribed Hitler
Content
Political Moves ● Nazis replaced old Weimar Legal system (which preached people’s rights and freedoms) with a new
system, which emphasised race and the community above the individual ● Political Structure: claimed to have “elect
○ Under this new system of law, highest duty of to Fuhrer citizen was obedience and to show Politburo was filled with people loyal to M
risrespect was a crime ○ Military Commander and Politica
○ Judges had to swear oath of allegiance to Hitler
were always from PLA - giving M
○ No one could practice law unless they belonged to League of National Socialist German
Lawyers and bureau
● Decree for the Protection of People and State February 1933 allowed for indefinite detention without trial ● 100 Flowers Campaign (1956)
● 1934 the people's Court was set up to deal with treasonable offences – the court proceedings presided ○ Initially, was designed to promote
over by Roland Freisler was secret and there was no right of appeal except to Hitler Mao used 100 Flowers Campaig
(1957-1959)
■ 500,000 intellectuals wer
■ By 1958, 1 million party m
Economic ● Hitler abolished trade unions in May 1933 and made it compulsory for all workers to join the German ● Businesses were nationalized in 1953 (in
Policies Labour front (DAF) – a nazi organisation headed by Dr. Robery Ley ● Collectivization: allowed Mao to have con
○ Special committees called the Trustees of Labour established to settle disputes between was easier to track/control them (Ex: Gre
workers and employers about wages and working conditions ● Anti-movements
■ Trustees tended to side with employers
○ Series of movement launched ag
○ Most workers enjoy the highest standard of living under the Nazis between 1933-9
■ Unemployment fell from nearly 6 million in 1932 to only a few hundred thousand by 1939 regarded as politically or socially
■ Wages higher than they had been in the last years of the Weimar Republic although not ○ Chinese people were encourage
as much as in 1928 new regime
○ German Labour Front took over responsibility for the workers Leisure and Recreation ○ Special govt. Department drew u
■ Non-Nazi recreational clubs closed down, even chess clubs ■ If an individual's dossier
○ Ley set up two new organisations called ‘Beauty of Labour’ and ‘Strength through Joy’ work
■ Beauty of Labour campaigned to persuade employer to provide better working ● Anti-landlord campaign
conditions factory canteens and purple lighting and ventilation
○ The property of landlords was co
■ Strength through joy held a number of activities with high turn out:
○ Some landlords allowed to keep
great majority were put on public
KDF Activity Number of participants ○ As many as 1 million landlords ki
, Repression/ ○ Dachau The first concentration camp opened in March 1933 ○ Estimated 250,000 “western sour
Handling Dissent ○ Never fewer than 10000 prisoners in the camps and in total about 225 000 Germans were ○ Extension of previous methods s
imprisoned for Political crimes in the years of 1933 to 1939 ● Labour Camps, Public “trials”, Social scru
○ Discipline in the camps was brutal, the diet poor and living conditions inadequate Nationalism), Mass Campaigns. Neighbo
○ Prisoners made to do hard labour and was subjected to sadistic beatings and torture
● Cultural Revolution (1966-76): abolish “
● Policing and Security Forces
○ Alongside the ordinary police forces use jobs were to detect crime and keep under a new system intellectuals, further Mao’s Cult of Person
of policing developed – both systems under Himmler ○ 200 artists killed, all music was to
○ Goering set up Gestapo in Prussia 1933 million were killed
■ Gestapo heavily dependent on denunciations by ordinary Germans e.g. in Wurzburg ● Imposition of military control
54% of all race related charges were initiated by private citizens ○ 1950 in a series of ‘reunification‘
○ Gestapo and security service (SD) rooted out and dealt with political offenders and opponent of ○ Officially they were sent in order
the regime such schemes as road building
■ SD was set up in 1931 by Himmler increasingly they were given the task of gathering
○ Main purpose was to impose ma
intelligence and monitoring public opinion
● The SS ■ One army sent to Tibet
○ SS created 1925 and became powerful after the Night of Long Knives ■ A second went to Xinjian
○ 220 000 members by 1935 ■ A third went to southern
○ Death's Head units of the SS ran concentration camps from 1934
○ Himmler also built up Waffen SS – members who were more highly trained and better equipped
with motorised vehicles and tanks
○ During WWII the SS to control and many factories the SS became a kind of state within a state
and played a major part in the ruling of territories conquered by Nazis and in carrying out what
Himmler called ‘the final solution of the Jewish question’
○ Einsatzgruppen units of SS rounding up and killed thousands of Jews gypsies and slavs in
Poland and Russia from autumn 1939 onwards
Propaganda ● Fuhrer Cult ● Portrayed as the saviour of women in Ch
○ Cult of Fuhrer established gave right to vote, and right to property).
○ The book’ The Hitler no-one knows’ sold 420000 copies between 1932 and 1940 ○ Enormously popular amongst wo
○ Hitler's birthday celebrated with mass rallies and parades ● 1.5 million propagandists working under M
○ Kershaw argues that Hitler was an increasingly victim of the Fuhrer myth and began to confuse
● Roadside loud-speakers, posters, all new
fantasy with reality especially in foreign policy
● Media and Arts controlled ● LITTLE RED BOOK (everyone had to ha
○ March 1933 ministry for popular enlightenment and propaganda set up by Goebbels successful
● Goebbels regarded radio as the most important medium: the Reich Radio Company brought all
broadcasting under Nazi control
○ Cheap radios was mass produced in 1932 fewer than 25% of households had a radio by 1939
70% did
● 1933 there were 4700 daily papers in Germany by 1944 1000
○ Eher Verlag (Nazi publishing house) controlled 66% of 1939
○ The sole newsagency permitted was run by the Nazis
● All films had to pass censors and about half of Germany's best known film stars emigrated
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